Helminthic therapy research

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This page lists almost 900 papers and reports of scientific studies relating to helminthic therapy and closely associated topics such as the Hygiene Hypothesis, the Old Friends' Hypothesis, Evolutionary Mismatch Theory and Biome Depletion Theory / Biota Alteration Theory.

There are four organisms being used currently in helminthic therapy.

Human hookworm, Necator americanus (NA)
Human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (TTO)
Pig whipworm, Trichuris suis (TSO)
Rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC)

Some of the reports and papers listed below have focussed on the effects of other species of helminth, or molecules derived from them, but all are nevertheless valuable for the insights they provide about the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of helminths.

What researchers say about helminthic therapy

The following quotes illustrate the thinking among researchers who have investigated the therapeutic use of living helminths.

Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [1]

The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [2]

What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) (PDF)

Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [3]

In developed countries, where we are well nourished, worms are potentially good. If I had Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis or multiple sclerosis, I would infect myself without hesitation. (Prof Alex Loukas, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine) [4]

Some patients with milder disease or more inclined for natural treatments may consider this as an option. (Prof Constantinescu, Nottingham University, commenting about Multiple Sclerosis.) [5]

All immunocompetent humans need regular exposure to helminths in order to maintain optimal immune function and avoid risk for inflammation-associated disease… access to helminths is a basic human need. (Smyth et al) [6]

We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [7]

Biome reconstitution… holds a promise for exposure of all individuals to naturally occurring organisms or selected variants of those organisms in a way that is required for human health. Such exposure must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [8]

In some not too distant futurity, there may come a day when we all take ‘helminth supplements’ along with our Omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins, and whatever else goes to make up a modern balanced diet. (Zaccone et al) [9]

Twenty years from now everybody is going to have a helminth, and no insurance company will begin to cover you if you don’t have your helminths. We’re very confident in the science, that every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [10]

Reading packet

These selected papers provide a good overview of the potential of helminthic therapy and would be suitable resources to include in a reading packet to be given to a doctor or other medical professional, or to someone who is unaware of the evidence and rationale for helminthic therapy. The first three papers provide validation for the practice of self-treatment with helminths.

Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy (2022)
This study's findings suggested that information gathered by the helminthic therapy self-treatment community may be critical for public health in offering a solution to the helminth deficiency that is a fundamental cause of disease in Western society.

Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations (PDF) (2016)
The first study to examine, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of individuals who are self-treating with helminths.

Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience (PDF) (2015)
This study probes the methods and outcomes reported by individuals who are self-treating with helminths and is an ideal basis for discussion between patients and their physicians.

Ecological Medicine: Can intestinal worms cure us of our modern pandemics? (2015)
An excellent article in its own right, this is also a good introduction to the paper immediately above.

Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders (2013)
Explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic diseases are due to the loss of species - especially helminths - from the human ecosystem.

Helminth–host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases (2012)
Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.

Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders (2010)
Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.

Problems with clinical trials using live helminths[edit | edit source]

Randomised controlled trials] (RCTs) are considered to be the "gold standard" experimental method for assessing medical treatments, but the evidence produced by RCTs that have looked at the efficacy of helminthic therapy has been starkly at odds with the many independent lines of evidence that have converged to demonstrate the significant health benefits of hosting helminths.

An extensive body of data from epidemiologic studies, clinical observations, and investigations using animal models, has pointed very clearly to the idea that humans need exposure to helminths in order to enjoy optimal immune function, [11] and many hundreds of reports by helminthic therapy self-treaters that are featured in this wiki and elsewhere attest to the therapeutic benefits of re-worming. [12]

So why is there such a chasmic divergence between the results from the majority of RCTs and the evidence from other sources of data? One explanation has been put forward by a team of socio-medical researchers.

Unfortunately, for a variety of economic, regulatory, and practical issues surrounding the conduct of clinical trials, mainstream trials have thus far been unable to accommodate the nuances of helminth therapy. Foremost among the issues that clinical trials must address before they can effectively test the potential for helminth therapy are (a) details in formulation of the helminth product that affect efficacy, and (b) the very wide range of doses typically needed within a cohort of individuals. [13]

Trials of pig whipworm ova (TSO)[edit | edit source]

 The first helminth to be systematically investigated by researchers was TSO, the ova of the pig whipworm, Trichuris suis, and results from early trials of TSO carried out in the first few years of the 21st century were very encouraging. [14] [15] [16] But a raft of twelve trials carried out by a different research team between 2008 and 2017, to investigate the effect of TSO in five diseases, produced such universally lacklustre results that all but three of them were discontinued prematurely. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]

The researchers involved in this unprecedented project made two critical errors in their study design, the first of which was to use a trial length of only 12 weeks. While this is the standard trial period used in pharmaceutical research, it is not appropriate for studies of live helminths such as TSO, which typically only begins to deliver benefits after 8 weeks, and remission only after 20 weeks, with even longer waits experienced by some patients with severe or chronic disease.

Arguably the most critical mistake was the use of a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5.0, even though the investigators were advised against this by the product’s manufacturer, who knew from his own product development work that TSO is most effective when formulated with a pH of 2.4, the formulation used in the earlier, more successful trials. [29] (No abstract | Full text PDF)

Other significant errors in the design of these trials included the use of a single dose size for all participants, when it is known that the helminth dosage requirements of individuals can vary by as much as a factor of 10. Poor subject selection was also revealed by the high rate of improvement in the placebo group in some of the trials.

With so few clinical trials of helminthic therapy having been carried out previously, the sheer number of these “failed” studies overwhelmed the existing helminthic therapy research base to deliver a body blow to the therapy’s reputation that set back progress by at least 20 years. The number of published scientific papers relating to helminthic therapy, which had climbed steadily from just 5 in 2000 to peak at almost 100 during 2017, fell into a steep decline after this, as scientists lost interest in therapy using living worms.

Other researchers began referencing the twelve TSO trials in support of assertions that this species is ineffective as a therapeutic agent. For example, four of these trials were included in a meta-analysis of six studies which concluded that TSO therapy showed no statistical benefit for IBD patients. [30] Apart from the issues with the product's pH, only one of the trials reviewed in this analysis had lasted for longer than 12 weeks, and the remit of that particular study was only to assess the safety and tolerability (not efficacy) of a single dose of TSO.

Trialing the human hookworm (NA)[edit | edit source]

TSO is not the only living helminth to have failed to impress when tested using methods that were developed to assess the efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

In 2007, Correale and Farez had revealed that patients with multiple sclerosis who were hosting a variety of helminths, including hookworms, experienced a reduced number of disease exacerbations compared with patients who were helminth-free. [31] And socio-medical research has shown that NA is extremely effective in the treatment of MS, with a success rate of approximately 50% for the progressive form of the disease and more than 90% for relapsing-remitting MS. (PDF)

However, when researchers at Nottingham University carried out a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial in which patients with RRMS were experimentally colonised by the hookworm, Necator americanus (NA), they concluded that this helminth appeared to be ineffective against this disease because the particular statistical endpoint determined for the trial had not been reached, [32] even though the data revealed that more than half the patients given NA had not developed any new lesions. [33]

In order to avoid repeating the design errors made by the teams responsible for previous trials, future studies exploring the therapeutic potential of NA need to take into account the following issues.

1. For any form of helminthic therapy to be effective, it is essential to maintain continuing exposure to the selected organism. Unfortunately, the period of survival of a helminth varies considerably between individual hosts, and the experience of self-treaters has shown that, in the case of NA, survival of the organism ranges from several years to as little as two months. (See Hookworm lifespan.)

2. There is more than a 10-fold difference in the level of helminth dosing required to achieve disease remission in different human hosts. Until such time as there are tests capable of providing guidance about the extent of dosing that might be required by each individual, determination of the optimum dosing regimen (the number of larvae in, and the intervals between, each dose) will require the employment by each self-treater of an individualised dose-finding protocol, which can be a lengthy process in the case of NA. (See Long-term dosing is based on individual user experience.)

3. The benefits derived from hosting NA can take a long time to develop in some cases. While some benefits may appear within weeks, these do not become consistent until at least 12 weeks, and more typically only appear between 3 and 6 months after the initial inoculation. In a few cases, benefits can take up to two years before making their first appearance, and there have even been rare cases in which clear benefits only appeared during the third year. (See Consistent improvement can begin anytime from 3 to 24 months.)

How the above three factors relate to the therapeutic use of NA is explained in detail on the Hookworm dosing and response page of this wiki.

4. A further factor that can limit the extent of any therapeutic benefit produced by NA is the potential for certain substances to adversely affect, or even kill, this organism in some individuals. Exactly how it is affected in this way is explained in the Human helminth care manual.

To take the example of oregano, some NA hosts who ingest this herb may experience reduced benefit from their helminths, possibly even losing their entire colony if they eat a sufficiently large quantity of the plant, consume a concentrated extract or tincture of oregano, or take an oregano oil supplement.

A more complex situation is found with coconut products, some of which are harmless to NA, while others have been reported to have caused varying levels of harm up to, and including, the total eradication of entire colonies.

Beyond being dependent on the form in which the substance is encountered, and the dose level, the adverse effect of such substances differs widely between hosts. Users of NA are therefore advised to avoid these, and a few other substances, until they are seeing clear and consistent benefits from the therapy, and then to begin gradually to reintroduce them to assess any effects. This way, the hookworm self-treater is able to learn which, if any, of the potentially risky foods, drugs and other substances they might need to avoid in the long term.

5. The viability of NA larvae has been shown to decrease rapidly over time from a mean of 85% to < 70% within 14 days. [34] Larval age is therefore another crucial variable that needs to be taken into consideration in future clinical trials, and may perhaps explain some of the inconsistencies in previously reported studies.

Citizen scientists lead the way[edit | edit source]

Unless the scientists conducting trials to investigate the effects of hosting helminths are able to devise methods to assess them as living organisms rather than as pharmaceutical products, and to take into account the unique and dynamic nature of each individual helminth/ host relationship, it is likely that clinical trials will continue to fail to reflect the reality regarding the health benefits of re-worming.

Until this reality is understood, accepted and acted upon by researchers, the best evidence for the benefits of helminth replacement will continue to come from the collated experience of self-treaters.

… at the present time, systematic data gathering from individuals self-treating may be the most practical and effective means of evaluating the effects of helminth therapy. [35]

Tips for searching the list of papers and articles

Symbols used in the list of documents:

✅ - A key paper/report in the development of the therapeutic use of helminths
⚡ - A good place to start if you are new to helminthic therapy, or if you are looking for resources that would help someone else to understand the therapy.

If you are interested in helminthic therapy in relation to a particular medical condition, use your device’s search function (the 'Command' and 'F' keys on a desktop or laptop, or 'Find in page' in the drop-down menu from the three dots icon on a mobile) to locate the items that are relevant to that disease. Several conditions will require the use of more than one search term, for example:

Allergies - search for “allerg”, “atopy” and “anaphylaxis”
Anemia - search for “anemia” and “anaemia”
Arthritis - search for ”arthrit” and “joint”
Asthma - search for “asthma”, “airway” and “wheeze”
Autism - search for “autism” and “ASD”
Celiac disease - search for “celiac” and “coeliac”
Crohn’s disease - search for “Crohn”, “bowel” and “IBD”
Diabetes - search for “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”
Heart disease - search for “cardio” and “atherosclerosis”
Inflammation - search for “inflam”
Leaky gut - search for “barrier”
Multiple sclerosis - search for “multiple sclerosis” rather than “MS”
Obesity - search for “obes” and “adipose”
Pregnancy - search for “preg” and “mater”
Ulcerative colitis - search for “colitis”, “bowel” and “IBD”

Obtaining copies of scientific papers

Unless otherwise stated, the main links presented below are to PubMed abstracts, with additional links being provided to any full text and PDF copies that were available at the time these were added to our list. (Some full text copies are embargoed for a period of time by their publishers.)

Where full text copies are not available from PubMed, they might be available from ResearchGate, and many papers can also usually be obtained instantly, free of charge, from Sci-Hub. The availability of this pirate domain fluctuates as a result of continuing legal action by publishers, [36] but its founder, Alexandra Elbakyan, constantly provides new site links, the latest of which can usually be found on the Sci-Hub Wikipedia page. (See "URL" in the text box under the black bird.)

Recently active Sci-Hub links include the following.

https://sci-hub.ru
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If you find that Sci-Hub is blocked in your area, try accessing it using a virtual private network (VPN). There should always be several countries that allow access to Sci-Hub's website.

To get a paper from Sci-Hub, copy/paste the title, or preferably the DOI number, of the paper you want into Sci-Hub’s search box. Then hit Return.

If the paper you want is not yet available from Sci-Hub, you will be able to get it free of charge from the Facebook group, Get Your Papers, or from the Mutual Aid-Science Community.

Research papers & articles[edit | edit source]

2022 Mar 10 Not All Worms Were Created Equal -- Full text | PDF (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?)

2022 Mar 1 Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation

2022 Mar Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy -- Full text | PDF

2022 Feb 25 Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes -- Full text | PDF

2022 Feb 24 Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization -- Full text | PDF]

2022 Feb 24 Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus

2022 Feb 21 Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [38] [39] [40] [41] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

2022 Feb 11 The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute? -- Full text | PDF

2022 Jan-Mar Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562 -- Full text | PDF

2022 Jan 19 Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy -- Full text

2022 Jan 21 Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives -- Full text | PDF

2022 Jan 15 Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis

2022 Jan Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead

2021[edit | edit source]

2021 Dec 20 Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion -- Full text | PDF (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?)

2021 Dec 14 Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis -- Full text | PDF

2021 Dec 9 human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review -- Full text | PDF

2021 Dec 6 Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out

2021 Dec 1 Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production

2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | PDF (TSO)

2021 Nov 8 Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts -- Full text | PDF

2021 Nov 5 Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection -- Full text | PDF

✅ 2021 Nov Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy -- Full text | PDF

2021 Nov Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis -- Full text

2021 Oct 28 Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections

2021 Oct 27 The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental? -- Full text | PDF

2021 Oct 26 Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists -- Full text | PDF

2021 Oct 20 Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet -- Full text | PDF

2021 Oct 18 Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis -- Full text | PDF

2021 Sept 28 The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review

2021 Sept 25 Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation

2021 Sept 13 Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis -- Full text

2021 Sept 6 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice -- Full text | PDF

2021 Sept Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study -- Full text | PDF

2021 Aug 20 Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

2021 Aug 18 Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico -- Full text | PDF

2021 Aug 17 Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice

2021 Aug 14 Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum — Full text

2021 Aug 12 The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis -- Full text | PDF

2021 Aug 6 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host — Full text

2021 Aug 3 Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection -- Full text | PDF

2021 Jun 18 Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?

2021 Jun 16 Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis -- Full text | PDF

2021 Jun 15 SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective -- Full text | PDF

2021 Jun 10 Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response -- Full text Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

2021 Jun 7 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents? -- Full text (Review)

2021 May 26 Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo -- Full text | PDF

2021 May 26 Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas

2021 May 24 COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm -- Full text | PDF

2021 May 19 Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers -- Full text | PDF

2021 May 18 The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes

2021 Apr 22 Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling

2021 Apr 16 Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Full text | PDF

2021 Apr 14 Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis -- Full text | PDF

2021 Apr 1 Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease

2021 Mar 24 Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model -- Full text | PDF

2021 Mar 24 Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators -- Full text | PDF

2021 Mar 15 Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism -- Full text | PDF

2021 Mar 1 Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes -- Full text | PDF

2021 Mar 1 Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths

2021 Feb 25 Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis -- Full text | PDF

2021 Feb 22 Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders -- Full text | PDF

2021 Feb 12 Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity -- Full text | PDF

2021 Apr Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.) -- Full text | PDF

2021 Apr Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary

2021 Feb 12 Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression -- Full text | PDF

2021 Feb 5 Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes -- Full text | PDF

2021 Feb 2 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19 -- PDF (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [42])

2021 Feb 2 Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy? -- Full text | PDF (Also reported by EurekAlert. [43])

2021 Jan 29 The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy -- Full text (MS)

2021 Jan 22 Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect -- Full text

2021 Jan 11 Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health — Full text | PDF

2020[edit | edit source]

2020 Dec Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease -- Full text | PDF

2020 Oct 29 Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer — Full text | PDF

2020 Oct 22 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins

2020 Oct 20 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality Includes link to PDF.

2020 Oct 7 Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy -- Full text | PDF

2020 Oct 4 Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention

2020 Oct 2 Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization -- Full text | PDF

2020 Oct Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility? -- Full text | PDF

2020 Sept 29 The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner -- Full text | PDF (MS)

2020 Sept 21 Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator

2020 Sept 11 What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases -- Full text | PDF

2020 Sept 8 Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model (Cancer)

2020 Sept 2 Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response -- Full text | PDF

2020 Aug 31 Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity -- Full text | PDF

2020 Aug 28 An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination -- Full text

2020 Aug 20 Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation (IBD)

2020 Aug 17 Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis -- Full text | PDF

2020 Aug 13 Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders -- Full text | PDF

2020 Aug 7 Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation -- Full text | PDF

2020 Aug Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder

2020 Jul Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential -- Full text | PDF

2020 Jul 3 Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet -- PDF

2020 Jul 2 Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals

2020 Jun 23 Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models -- Full text | PDF

2020 Jun 19 Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice

✅ 2020 Jun 15 Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis -- Full text (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [44] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [45])

2020 Jun 11 Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice -- Full text | PDF

2020 May 29 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi

2020 May 28 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link

2020 May 26 Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms -- Full text | PDF

2020 May 20 Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths

2020 May 19 The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity -- Full text | PDF

2020 May 18 Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology? (PDF)

2020 May 15 Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19? -- Full text | PDF

2020 May 14 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities -- Full text | PDF

2020 May 7 Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases

2020 May 5 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease -- Full text (IBD)

2020 May 4 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity

2020 May 1 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions? -- Full text | PDF

2020 Apr 27 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System

2020 Apr 27 Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link

2020 Apr 22 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes

2020 Apr 22 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products (TSO)

2020 Apr Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder (TSO)

2020 Mar 18 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages (TSO)

2020 Mar 14 Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products -- Full text | PDF (NA)

2020 Mar 10 Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential -- Full text | PDF

2020 Mar 4 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut -- Full text | PDF (TSO)

2020 Mar 3 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis -- Full text

2020 Mar 2 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines

2020 Feb 6 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth

2020 Jan-Feb Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy -- Full text

2020 Jan 31 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype

2020 Jan 24 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis

2020 Jan 23 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis

2020 Jan 16 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma

2020 Jan 1 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells

2020 Jan Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response

2019[edit | edit source]

2019 Dec 26 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine -- Full text

2019 Dec 24 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM) -- Full text

2019 Dec 19 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine

2019 Dec 16 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model

2019 Dec 13 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model

2019 Dec 13 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells

2019 Dec 11 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial

2019 Nov 6 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections -- Full text | PDF

2019 Nov 7 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism -- Full text | PDF

2019 Oct 31 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace

2019 Oct 24 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MS)

2019 Oct 12 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice

2019 Sept 27 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview -- Full text | PDF

2019 Sept 27 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model -- Full text | PDF (But also see the details here regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

2019 Sept 18 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system

2019 Sept 11 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas

2019 Sept 9 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice -- Full text | PDF

2019 Sept 5 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro -- Full text | PDF (Also reported by Healio. [46])

2019 Sept 3 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules

2019 Aug 30 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial

2019 Aug 13 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation

2019 Aug 9 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation

2019 Aug Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection

2019 Jul 27 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders

2019 Jul 9 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway (Cancer)

2019 Jul 1 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador (TTO)

2019 Jul-Dec The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis -- Full text

2019 Jun 28 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model -- Full text

2019 Jun 27 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer.)

2019 Jun 17 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?

2019 Jun 12 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights -- Full text

2019 Jun 12 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites

2019 Jun An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents

2019 May 29 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring -- Full text | PDF

2019 May 29 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective | PDF

2019 May 28 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis

2019 May 22 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia -- Full text | PDF

2019 May 21 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease -- Full text | PDF

2019 May Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses -- Full text

2019 Apr 23 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2019 Apr 17 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast (TTO)

2019 Apr 15 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities — Full text

2019 Apr 10 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) -- Full text

2019 Apr 8 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota -- PDF (Also reported by EurekAlert. [47])

2019 Apr 5 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis -- Full text | PDF

2019 Apr Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis -- PDF (TSO)

2019 Mar 14 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

2019 Mar 29 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota

2019 Mar 7 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice

2019 Mar Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases -- PDF

2019 Feb 26 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice

2019 Feb 19 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus -- Full text | PDF

2019 Feb 13 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms

2019 Feb Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice

2019 Jan 22 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response (HDC)

2019 Jan 22 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis (HDC)

2019 Jan 9 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

2019 Jan 4 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection -- Full text | PDF (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

2019 Jan Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice

2019 Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration -- PDF

2018[edit | edit source]

2018 Dec 28 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses
2018 Dec 15 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity
2018 Dec 14 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection -- Full text | PDF (NA)
2018 Dec 11 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation -- Full text | PDF
2018 Dec 10 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota
2018 Dec 4 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2018 Dec 4 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema -- Full text (Wound healing)
2018 Dec 4 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries
2018 Dec Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock -- Full text | PDF
2018 Nov 20 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules
2018 Nov 12 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype -- Full text | PDF (Metabolic syndrome)
2018 Nov 9 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2018 Nov 8 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
2018 Nov 6 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites
2018 Oct 31 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections
2018 Oct 30 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection
2018 Oct 29 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity
2018 Oct 29 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2018 Oct 25 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection
2018 Oct 23 Helminth parasites and immune regulation -- Full text | PDF
2018 Oct 23 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area -- Full text | PDF
2018 Oct 19 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC)
2018 Oct 17 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Full text
2018 Oct 16 Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm
2018 Oct 12 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles -- Full text | PDF
2018 Oct 11 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages
2018 Oct 5 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells
2018 Sept 28 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer -- Full text | PDF
2018 Sept 25 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Full text | PDF (IBD)
2018 Sept 19 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador
2018 Sept 19 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [48]
2018 Sept 14 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa
2018 Sept 11 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation (HDC)
2018 Sept 8 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms
2018 Sept 3 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?
2018 Aug 27 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies
2018 Aug 16 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II (HDC) (Colitis)
2018 Aug 16 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease
2018 Aug 14 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice
2018 Aug 14 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation (Allergic asthma)
2018 Aug 13 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity (Also reported by EurekAlert. [49])
2018 Aug 8 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis -- Full text | PDF
2018 Aug 7 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation -- Full text | PDF
2018 Aug 1 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression -- Full text | PDF
2018 Aug Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis -- Full text (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a single dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [50] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
2018 Jul 31 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths -- Full text | PDF
2018 Jul 26 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation -- Full text | PDF
2018 Jul 25 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?
2018 Jul 17 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut
2018 Jul 16 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease -- Full text | PDF
2018 Jul 13 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care | PDF (NA)
2018 Jul 10 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages (Also reported by Science Daily. [51])
2018 Jul 2 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse -- Full text | PDF
2018 Jul SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis -- Full text
2018 Jun 19 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome -- Full text | PDF (IBS)
2018 Jun 18 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system (HDC)
2018 Jun 1 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut
2018 May 29 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles
2018 May 28 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses
2018 May 23 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode -- Full text | PDF
2018 May 14 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis -- Full text | PDF
2018 May 14 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens -- Full text | PDF
2018 May 10 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another -- Full text | PDF
2018 Apr 30 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice -- Full text | PDF
2018 Apr 26 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model -- Full text | PDF
2018 Apr 11 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?
2018 Apr 10 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism
2018 Apr 4 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells -- Full text | PDF
2018 Apr Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation (NA)
2018 Apr A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier -- Full text | PDF
2018 Mar 25 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens
2018 Mar 23 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells
2018 Mar 19 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites
2018 Mar 15 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages -- Full text | PDF
2018 Mar 14 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection -- Full text | PDF
2018 Feb 28 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia -- Full text
2018 Feb 24 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren -- Full text | PDF
2018 Feb 16 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity
2018 Feb 2 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so | PDF
2018 Jan 27 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges -- Full text | PDF
2018 Jan 18 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival
2018 Jan 13 Host responses to intestinal nematodes
2018 Jan 12 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation (Asthma)
2018 Jan 4 Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen -- PDF (HDC)
2018 Jan 4 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses
2018 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications | PDF] (HDC)

2017[edit | edit source]

2017 Winter A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
2017 Dec 30 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths? (No abstract) -- Full text | PDF
2017 Dec 22 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage -- Full text | PDF
2017 Dec 19 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection
2017 Dec 7 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?
2017 Nov 29 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity -- Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 28 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression -- Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 24 Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions Medical News Today (IBD)
2017 Nov 24 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda
2017 Nov 23 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 15 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state
2017 Nov 13 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see here.)
✅ 2017 Nov 10 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications? -- Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 8 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages — Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 7 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases -- Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 4 Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane -- Full text | PDF
2017 Nov 2 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome" -- Full text
2017 Nov Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata -- Full text (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
2017 Nov Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy
2017 Nov Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?
2017 Oct 30 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes (Metabolic syndrome)
2017 Oct 28 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review -- Full text | PDF
2017 Oct 26 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A -- Full text
2017 Oct 24 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics -- Full text (HDC)
2017 Oct 17 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33 -- Full text | PDF (Allergy, asthma)
2017 Oct 16 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals
2017 Oct 16 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response -- Full text | PDF (Colitis)
2017 Oct 13 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms -- Full text
2017 Oct 6 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis -- Full text | PDF (NA)
2017 Oct 3 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (Multiple sclerosis)
2017 Oct 1 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial -- PDF This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [52] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
2017 Oct Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons (Chapter 14 of the book, Governing Medical Knowledge Commons, Cambridge University Press.)
2017 Oct Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish
2017 Oct Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease
2017 Oct Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota -- Full text | PDF
2017 Fall Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome
2017 Sep 27 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice
2017 Sep 7 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases -- Full text PDF
2017 Sep 11 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis (HDC)
2017 Sep 11 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition -- Full text | PDF
2017 Aug 21 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress -- Full text | PDF
2017 Aug 16 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy
2017 Aug 5 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish
2017 Aug 3 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2017 Aug Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jul 24 Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena
⚡ 2017 Jul 15 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths | PDF
2017 Jul 13 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10
2017 Jul 8 Parasites and asthma
2017 Jun 29 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression
2017 Jun 29 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance
2017 Jun 28 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment -- Full text | PDF (Multiple Sclerosis)
2017 Jun 20 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jun 14 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice -- Full text | PDF (Asthma)
2017 Jun 13 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jun 9 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?
2017 Jun 8 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer (TSO)
2017 Jun 5 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases -- Full text (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
2017 May 16 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation
2017 May 12 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice -- Full text | PDF (Asthma)
2017 May 8 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice -- Full text | PDF
2017 May 3 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia (Diabetes)
2017 Apr 27 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age
2017 Apr 24 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease -- Full text | PDF
2017 Apr 13 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections -- Full text | PDF
2017 Apr 8 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
2017 Apr 3 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function
2017 Apr 1 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet
2017 Apr Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden -- Full text
2017 Mar 24 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy -- Full text | PDF
2017 Mar 22 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees (Tuberculosis)
2017 Mar 18 A life without worms -- Full text
2017 Mar 17 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology -- Full text
2017 Mar 10 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis
2017 Mar 8 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population
2017 Mar 8 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers (Allergy)
2017 Mar Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model (TSO)
2017 Feb 24 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues
2017 Feb 23 Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
2017 Feb 21 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period
2017 Feb 20 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2017 Feb 15 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis (Allergy)
2017 Feb 13 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response -- Full text | PDF
2017 Feb 13 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis -- Full text | PDF
2017 Feb 11 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota
2017 Feb 8 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jan 17 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jan 17 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jan 13 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites
2017 Jan 10 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jan 10 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children? -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jan 9 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome
2017 Jan 2 Helminths and intestinal barrier function -- Full text | PDF
2017 Jan Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli

2016[edit | edit source]

2016 Dec 23 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good
2016 Dec 15 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease -- Full text
2016 Dec 14 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics
2016 Dec 8 Hookworm infection -- PDF
2016 Dec 7 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes
2016 Dec Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections
2016 Dec Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms (IBD)
2016 Nov 24 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis -- Full text | PDF
2016 Nov 22 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus -- Full text
2016 Nov 18 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2016 Nov 11 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology
2016 Nov 10 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice
2016 Nov 10 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
2016 Nov 9 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease -- Full text | PDF
2016 Nov 7 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis (TSO)
2016 Nov 2 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells (TSO)
2016 Nov 1 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells -- Full text | PDF
2016 Nov Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes? -- Full text | PDF
2016 Oct 27 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production
2016 Oct 26 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma
2016 Oct 17 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness
2016 Oct 15 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual -- PDF (TTO)
2016 Oct 6 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease -- Full text | PDF
2016 Oct 5 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease -- Full text | PDF This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [53] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
2016 Oct-Dec Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice -- Full text | PDF
2016 Sept 25 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths -- Full text | PDF
2016 Sept 1 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction
2016 Aug 29 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond
2016 Aug 26 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis -- PDF (TSO)
2016 Aug 25 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis -- Full text PDF (Diabetes)
2016 Aug 25 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells -- Full text | PDF
2016 Aug 24 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis
2016 Aug 20 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
2016 Aug 12 Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential -- Full text | PDF(download)
2016 Aug 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
2016 Aug Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis
2016 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins
2016 Jul 28 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jul Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease
2016 Jun 27 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection
2016 Jun 26 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis? -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jun 25 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri) (HDC)
2016 Jun 15 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines
2016 Jun 14 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota
2016 Jun 10 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system
2016 Jun 9 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis (No abstract)
2016 Jun 8 Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
2016 Jun 7 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jun 1 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection
2016 Jun Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations -- PDF. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
2016 May 24 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health
2016 May 19 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A
2016 May 17 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection -- Full text | PDF
2016 May 9 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders
2016 May 5 Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
2016 May 1 Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’ (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
2016 Apr 27 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy
2016 Apr 23 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis
2016 Apr 21 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease? -- Full text | PDF
2016 Apr 19 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling (TSO)
2016 Apr 14 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity -- Full text | PDF
2016 Apr 14 Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [54])
2016 Apr 8 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections -- Full text
2016 Apr 7 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers
2016 Mar 29 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
2016 Mar 10 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments
2016 Mar Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention
2016 Mar Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation? -- PDF
2016 Mar The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils -- Full text | PDF
2016 (Mar?) Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections
2016 Feb 6 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jan 21 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships | PDF
2016 Jan 15 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jan 14 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jan 11 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel -- Full text
2016 Jan 4 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice - Full text | PDF
2016 Jan Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jan Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation -- Full text | PDF
2016 Jan Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2016 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?
2016 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro

2015[edit | edit source]

2015 Dec 16 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia
2015 Dec 7 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2015 Dec Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis
2015 Nov 17 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity
2015 Nov 1 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity
2015 Nov Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?
2015 Nov Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus -- Full text | PDF
2015 Nov Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [55] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
2015 Nov Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women -- Full text | PDF (Also see Helminthic therapy and fertility.)
2015 Nov Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2015 Oct 27 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2015 Oct 19 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?
2015 Sept 18 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects -- Full text | PDF
2015 Sep 17 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis -- Full text | PDF
2015 Sept 8 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites
2015 Sept Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response
2015 Aug 19 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents -- Full text | PDF
2015 Aug 13 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals? -- Full text | PDF
2015 Aug 6 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity -- Full text | PDF
2015 Aug 5 Tapeworms may be good for your brain Hanae Armitage, Science
2015 Aug The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases
2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- Full text has a PDF download link.
2015 Jul 25 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2015 Jul 20 Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation Science Daily
2015 Jul 15 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
2015 Jul 7 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection
2015 Jul 6 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jul 6 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota? -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jul 3 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
2015 Jul 3 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?
2015 Jul Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases
2015 Jul Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jul Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice
2015 Jul The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men
2015 Jul The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010 -- Full text | PDF This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
2015 Jun 27 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites
2015 Jun 25 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes
2015 Jun 22 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection
2015 Jun 10 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jun 3 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host
2015 Jun Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings
2015 Jun Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jun Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths
2015 Jun Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jun The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum -- Full text | PDF
2015 May 21 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells (TSO)
2015 May 20 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece
2015 May 16 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism -- Full text | PDF
2015 May 11 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research
2015 May 7 Not all parasites are protective -- Full text | PDF
2015 May 7 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms -- Full text | PDF
2015 May 5 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2015 May 4 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance -- Full text | PDF
2015 Apr 28 Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice (No abstract)
2015 Apr 19 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention??? -- Full text
✅⚡2015 Apr 18 Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
2015 Apr 17 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly -- PDF
2015 Apr 13 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications -- Full text | PDF
2015 Apr 13 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis -- PDF
2015 Apr 8 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats -- Full text | PDF (Also reported by Science Daily. [56])
2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- PDF
2015 Apr Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1
2015 Apr The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice -- Full text | PDF (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
2015 Apr Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?
2015 Apr From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
2015 Apr Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men
2015 Mar 26 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand? -- Full text | PDF
2015 Mar 25 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair -- Full text | PDF
2015 Mar Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria -- Full text | PDF
2015 Mar Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults
2015 Mar The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model -- Full text | PDF
2015 Spring. The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions -- Full text | PDF
2015 Feb 26 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation
2015 Feb 24 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia -- Full text | PDF
2015 Feb 15 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice
2015 Feb 15 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2015 Feb 1 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
2015 Feb Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies
2015 Feb Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease -- Full text | PDF (Also reported by EurekAlert [57] and ABC Austrailia. [58])
2015 Feb Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success -- Full text | PDF
2015 Feb Potential Treatments for Food Allergy
2015 Feb The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity
2015 Jan 28 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic? -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jan 22 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages -- Full text | PDF
2015 Jan 1 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2015 Jan Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism
2015 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection
2015 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta -- Full text | PDF (HDC)

2014[edit | edit source]

2014 Dec 4 Helminth Therapy for MS (multiple sclerosis)
2014 Dec Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil
2014 Dec In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies
2014 Dec The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders -- PDF (IBD)
2014 Dec Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation
2014 Winter Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy -- Full text | PDF (IBD)
2014 Nov 6 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis -- Full text | PDF
2014 Nov 1 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota -- Full text | PDF
2014 Nov Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease (TSO)
2014 Nov Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations
2014 Oct 20 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders -- Full text | PDF
2014 Oct 15 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection -- Full text | PDF
2014 Oct 1 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases -- Full text | PDF
2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- PDF (IBD)
2014 Oct Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends
2014 Sept The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host
2014 Sept Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection -- Full text | PDF
2014 Sept Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases -- Full text | PDF
2014 Sept Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy -- Full text | PDF
2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- Full text
2014 Aug 26 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer (No abstract)
2014 Aug 24 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis -- Full text | PDF (IBD) (Cancer)
2014 Aug Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda -- Full text | PDF
2014 Aug Pregnancy and helminth infections -- Full text | PDF
2014 Aug (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present -- Full text
2014 Jul 3 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome -- Full text | PDF
2014 Jul Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
2014 Jul Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections -- PDF
2014 Jul Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later? -- Full text | PDF
2014 Jul Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status -- Full text | PDF
2014 Jul Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators
2014 Jun ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints -- Full text | PDF
2014 Jun Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis
2014 May 22 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota -- Full text | PDF
2014 May 8 The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
2014 May Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases
2014 May Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013
2014 Apr 29 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149) (TSO)
2014 Mar Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus -- Full text | PDF (NA)
2014 Mar Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients -- Full text | PDF
2014 Feb 14 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity -- Full text | PDF
2014 Feb A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic
2014 Jan 21 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse -- Full text | PDF
2014 Jan 20 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease -- Full text | PDF (IBD)
2014 Jan Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis -- Full text | PDF
2014 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders
2014 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation

2013[edit | edit source]

2013 Dec 19 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2013 Dec 12 Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting
2013 Nov 12 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health -- Full text | PDF
2013 Nov Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour? -- Full text | PDF
2013 Oct 1 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway -- Full text | PDF
2013 Oct The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity
2013 Oct Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms
2013 Sept Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study
2013 Aug 29 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice -- PDF
2013 Aug 29 Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
2013 Aug 28 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics -- Full text | PDF
2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- Full text | PDF
2013 Aug 15 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells -- Full text | PDF
2013 Aug Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2013 Aug Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths -- Full text | PDF
2013 Jul Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy (TSO)
2013 Jun Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil
2013 Jun Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis -- Full text | PDF
2013 Jun Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity -- Full text | PDF
2013 Jun Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes -- Full text (includes a PDF download link)
2013 April 25 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial -- Full text PDF (TSO)
2013 Apr 8 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections -- Full text | PDF
2013 Mar Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated -- Full text
2013 Mar A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity -- Full text | PDF
2013 Mar Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity (NA)
2013 Mar The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype -- Full text | PDF
2013 Mar A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation
2013 Mar Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis -- Full text
2013 Mar Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa (IBD)
2013 Mar Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response
2013 Mar Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)
2013 Mar Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy
2013 Mar Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases -- Full text | PDF
2013 Feb Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China
2013 Jan-Feb Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens
✅ 2013 Jan 10 Patients self-treat with parasitic worms. In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
2013 Jan 8 Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily
2013 Jan Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms (Comment on Autoimmunity: The worm returns.)
2013 Jan Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience -- Full text | PDF
⚡ 2013 Jan Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders -- Full text | PDF This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
2013 Jan Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection
2013 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia -- Full text | PDF (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
2013 Immune regulation during helminth infections -- Full text | PDF

2012[edit | edit source]

2012 Winter Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes -- Full text | PDF
2012 Dec 5 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases -- Full text
2012 Dec Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)
2012 Nov 15 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon -- Full text | PDF
2012 Nov 15 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells Full text | PDF
2012 Nov 8 Autoimmunity: The worm returns -- Full text | PDF
2012 Nov 6 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe? -- Author’s personal full text copy
2012 Nov Where are we on worms? -- Full text | PDF
2012 Oct Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation -- Full text | PDF
2012 Oct Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease -- Full text | PDF (IBD)
2012 Oct Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases -- PDF
2012 Oct Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes (Multiple sclerosis)
2012 Sept 27 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites -- Full text | PDF
2012 Sept 21 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy -- Full text Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
2012 Sept Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- PDF
2012 Aug 24 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients? Full text | PDF
2012 Jul Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis -- PDF (TSO)
2012 Jul Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings -- Full text | PDF
⚡ 2012 Jul A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review | PDF

2012 Jun 26 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention -- Full text | PDF
2012 Jun Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation
2012 May 28 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function -- Full text | PDF
2012 Apr 18 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis -- PDF
2012 Apr Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?
2012 Apr Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots? -- Full text | PDF
2012 Mar 6 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection -- Full text | PDF
2012 Mar Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma
2012 Feb 1 TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection -- Full text | PDF
2012 Feb The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes -- Full text | PDF
2012 Feb Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
2012 Feb An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection -- Full text | PDF (Wound healing)
⚡ 2012 Jan Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases -- Full text | PDF Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
2012 Jan Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock here.)
2012 Jan A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
2012 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
2012 Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- PDF (NA)
2012 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis (PDF)

2011[edit | edit source]

2011 Nov 21 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis -- Full text | PDF
2011 Nov Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice
2011 Oct The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity (multiple sclerosis)
2011 Oct Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases | PDF
2011 Oct Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child? -- Full text | PDF
2011 Oct Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children
2011 Oct Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease
2011 Oct Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study -- Full text | PDF
2011 Sept 27 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease -- Full text | PDF (IBD)
2011 Sept 16 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
2011 Sept Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment -- Full text | PDF
2011 Aug 8 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
2011 Aug 2 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- PDF
2011 Jul 18 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"? -- Full text | PDF
2011 Jun 9 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals -- Full text | PDF
2011 Jun Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths
2011 Jun Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2011 May 12 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited
2011 May 6 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels -- Full text | PDF
2011 May Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results -- Full text | PDF
2011 Apr The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis
2011 Apr Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS? (No abstract)
2011 Mar 8 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial -- Full text | PDF
2011 Mar 3 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2011 Apr 22 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions
2011 Apr 18 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2011 Feb Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2011 Feb Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice
2011 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans -- Full text | PDF (TSO)
2011 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF

2010[edit | edit source]

2010 Dec 1 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient -- PDF (TTO)
2010 Nov Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus -- Full text | PDF
2010 Nov Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity -- Full text | PDF
2010 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections
⚡ 2010 Oct 13 Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
2010 Aug 15 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jul Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jun 14 How the parasitic worm has turned
2010 Jun 11 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jun Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2010 May Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2010 Apr 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
2010 Apr Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases -- Full text | PDF
2010 Apr In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice (Colitis) (HDC)
2010 Apr Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?
2010 Mar Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2010 Mar The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC)
2010 Feb 10 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders (Diabetes) -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jan 25 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases? Full text | PDF
2010 Jan 4 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jan Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial -- PDF (TSO)
2010 Jan Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam
2010 Jan Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jan Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process -- Full text | PDF
2010 Jan Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes -- Full text | PDF

2009[edit | edit source]

2009 Dec 16 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma -- Full text | PDF
2009 Dec Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms -- Full text | PDF
2009 Dec Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children -- Full text | PDF
2009 Nov 1 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms -- Full text | PDF
2009 Nov Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
2009 Nov Parasitic infection and autoimmunity -- PDF (Lupus/SLE)
2009 Oct 22 Worms linked to coeliac relief
2009 Oct Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?
2009 Sept 29 Hookworms can prevent asthma News Medical
2009 Sept 24 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?
2009 Sept 16 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2009 Sept Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity -- Full text
2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- Full text | PDF
2009 Jul Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study -- Full text | PDF
2009 Jul Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD -- Full text | PDF
2009 Jun 8 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions -- Full text | PDF
2009 Jun Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?
2009 May Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links -- Full text | PDF
2009 Apr 15 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy
2009 Apr Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice -- Full text | PDF
2009 Mar 24 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals -- Full text | PDF (NA)
✅ 2009 Mar 5 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS) Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [59] and the Mail Online. [60]) (NA)
2009 Mar The therapeutic helminth?
2009 Mar Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators
2009 Feb Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?

2009 Feb Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma
2009 Jan Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections
2009 Jan Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function -- Full text | PDF
2009 Jan Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
2009 Jan Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies? Full text | PDF
2009 Jan Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes? Full text | PDF
✅⚡2009 Jan Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
2009 Jan Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?
2009 Jan Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis -- Full text | PDF
2009 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease | PDF
2009 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment -- Full text | PDF

2008[edit | edit source]

2007[edit | edit source]

2007 Dec Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
2007 Nov Worms tame mast cells
2007 Nov Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes
2007 Nov The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders
2007 Aug Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice
2007 Jul Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection -- Full text | PDF (NA)
2007 May-Jun Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections -- Full text | PDF
2007 May An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection -- Full text | PDF
2007 May Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand? -- Full text | PDF
2007 Apr 1 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism -- Full text | PDF
2007 Apr The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease (TSO)
2007 Apr Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation
2007 Apr Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models
2007 Apr Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis
2007 Mar Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians -- Full text (PDF)
2007 Feb 15 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice
✅⚡2007 Feb Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis -- PDF (Also reported by Science Daily [61] and the BBC. [62]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
2007 Feb Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection (TSO)
2007 Jan Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
2007 Jan Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma -- Full text | PDF
2007 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections
2007 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis -- Full text | PDF

2006[edit | edit source]

2006 Dec 12 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis
2006 Dec Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study
2006 Nov Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses -- Full text | PDF
✅ 2006 Nov Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans -- Full text | PDF This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
2006 Nov Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses -- Full text | PDF
2006 Oct-Dec Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy (IBD)
2006 Oct-Dec The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths (IBD)
2006 Oct Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases -- Full text | PDF
2006 Oct What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers -- Full text | PDF
2006 Oct Worms and allergy -- Full text | PDF
2006 Sept 8 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections
2006 Sept 1 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis
2006 Sept Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals -- Full text | PDF
2006 Aug 1 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma -- Full text | PDF
2006 Aug Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine (NA)
2006 Aug Helminths and mucosal immune modulation
2006 Jul A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden (TSO)
2006 Jun Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans
2006 May Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation -- Full text | PDF
2006 May Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited
2006 Apr Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all -- Full text | PDF
2006 Apr Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms -- Full text | PDF
2006 Jan The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?
✅ 2006 Jan A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors -- Full text | PDF Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
2006 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases
2006 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy
2006 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food (food allergy)

2005[edit | edit source]

2005 Nov 7 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
2005 Nov Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
✅ 2005 Jul Old friends for breakfast Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
2005 Jun 1 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
2005 Apr Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial -- PDF (TSO)
2005 Apr Parasite role reversal: worms on trial
2005 Mar 15 The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection
2005 Mar Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice -- Full text | PDF
2005 Feb Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
✅ 2005 Jan Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease -- Full text | PDF TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
2005 Jan Will worms really cure Crohn's disease? -- Full text | PDF(see pages 6-8)
2005 Jan Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation
2005 Jan The hygiene hypothesis and asthma
2005 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases
2005 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema

2004[edit | edit source]

2004 Dec 14 Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical News Today
2004 Dec Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies -- Full text | PDF
2004 Nov 15 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells -- Full text | PDF
2004 Oct 13 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases -- Full text | PDF
2004 Oct Helminth parasites--masters of regulation
2004 Aug 15 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production -- Full text | PDF
2004 Aug 1 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism -- Full text | PDF
2004 Jul 9 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?
2004 Jul The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both? -- Full text | PDF
2004 Jun A review of autism and the immune response -- PDF
2004 Apr Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation -- Full text | PDF
2004 Mar Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis -- Full text | PDF
2004 Feb Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection
2004 Feb The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites
2004 Feb Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders
2004 Feb Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?
2004 Feb Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks
2004 Jan Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats -- Full text | PDF
2004 Jan Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
2004 Jan Helminths and harmony -- Full text | PDF(Pages 7-9)

2003[edit | edit source]

2003 Sept Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis -- Full text | PDF
✅ 2003 Sept Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
2003 Sept Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms
2003 Aug 15 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62 -- PDF
2003 May Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics
2003 May Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes -- Full text | PDF
2003 Mar 1 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis -- Full text
2003 Jan Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization -- Full text | PDF

2002[edit | edit source]

✅ 2002 Nov Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice -- Full text | PDF
2002 Nov An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
2002 Nov Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma
2002 Sept 19 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases
2002 Sept 15 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen -- Full text | PDF
2002 Jun Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease? -- Full text | PDF
2002 Apr 19 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis

2001[edit | edit source]

2000[edit | edit source]

2000 Nov 18 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10
✅ 2000 Oct 15 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy -- Full text | PDF This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
✅ 2000 Sept 14 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease? -- Full text | PDF This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
2000 May Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift -- Full text | PDF
2000 Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis

1999[edit | edit source]

1999 Apr Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice -- PDF

1998[edit | edit source]

1998 Jun Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children

1997[edit | edit source]

1997 The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites (PDF)

1996[edit | edit source]

1995[edit | edit source]

1995 Feb Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity (... / human observational / NA)

1993[edit | edit source]

1993 Nov 1 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses
1993 Oct Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response | PDF (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
1993 Sept 1 Of Parasites and Pollens - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
1993 Jun Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection

1992[edit | edit source]

1991[edit | edit source]

1991 Oct 15 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection

1989[edit | edit source]

✅ 1989 Nov 18 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size -- Full text | PDF This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

1987[edit | edit source]

1985[edit | edit source]

1985 Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective? (A / comparative)

1982[edit | edit source]

1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth PDF

1979[edit | edit source]

✅ 1979 Apr Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

1978[edit | edit source]

1978 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus (NA)

1976[edit | edit source]

✅ 1976 Sept 25 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy | PDF This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
✅ 1976 Aug Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

1970[edit | edit source]

1970 (winter) The biology of the atopic response Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

1968[edit | edit source]

✅ 1968 Aug 17 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians | PDF The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

1948[edit | edit source]

✅ 1948 Apr The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

1932[edit | edit source]

✅ 1932 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.