Helminthic therapy and neurological disorders
Neurological disorders are any disorders of the nervous system.
See
General reviews[edit | edit source]
See also
- 2024 Jul 20 The gut microbiota-brain axis in neurological disorders
- 2021 Jul Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in nervous system disorders
- 2009 Sep Interleukin-10 provides direct trophic support to neurons
Epilepsy[edit | edit source]
The Th17/Treg balance is essential for immune homeostasis in the brain. While Th17 cells are proinflammatory and neurotoxic, Treg (CD4+Foxp3+) lymphocytes exert immunosuppressive effects that limit excessive inflammation and maintain tolerance. In epileptic conditions, this balance shifts toward Th17 predominance, as reflected by decreased Treg frequency and function, reduced FoxP3 expression, and upregulated RORγt-mediated Th17 differentiation.[1]
Helminths improve the Th17/Tregs ratio and could therefore have an beneficial effect.
See also
- 2025 Aug 22 Probiotics and the Gut-Brain Axis: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Epilepsy and Depression Comorbidity -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Jun 18 Microglial phagocytosis in epilepsy: Mechanisms and impact
- 2025 Jan Microglial TREM2 promotes phagocytic clearance of damaged neurons after status epilepticus
- 2024 Nov 22 Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Neuroimmunometabolism and Therapeutic Approaches to Refractory Epilepsy -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Feb 15 Peripheral blood regulatory B and T cells are decreased in patients with focal epilepsy
Gulf War Illness[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Nov 8 Evaluation of delayed LNFPIII treatment initiation protocol on improving long-term behavioral and neuroinflammatory pathology in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness
- 2021 Sep-Oct Delayed treatment with the immunotherapeutic LNFPIII ameliorates multiple neurological deficits in a pesticide-nerve agent prophylactic mouse model of Gulf War Illness
- 2021 Sep 1 Lacto-N-fucopentaose-III (LNFPIII) ameliorates acute aberrations in hippocampal synaptic transmission in a Gulf War Illness animal model
- 2021 Aug 15 Lacto-N-fucopentaose-III ameliorates acute and persisting hippocampal synaptic plasticity and transmission deficits in a Gulf War Illness mouse model
- 2020 Sep 27 Assessing the Beneficial Effects of the Immunomodulatory Glycan LNFPIII on Gut Microbiota and Health in a Mouse Model of Gulf War Illness
- 2020 Mar Neurochemical and neuroinflammatory perturbations in two Gulf War Illness models: Modulation by the immunotherapeutic LNFPIII
See Helminthic therapy and ME/CFS
See also
- 2026 Jan 31 Gulf War Illness: Neurological Impacts, Pathophysiological Insights, and Therapeutic Prospects
- 2024 Sep 13 Permethrin exposure primes neuroinflammatory stress response to drive depression-like behavior through microglial activation in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness
- 2024 Sep 6 Longitudinal evaluation of structural brain alterations in two established mouse models of Gulf War Illness
- 2024 Aug 21 Gulf War Illness Is Associated with Host Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Is Linked to Altered Species Abundance in Veterans from the BBRAIN Cohort
- 2024 Jun 11 Exposing the latent phenotype of Gulf War Illness: examination of the mechanistic mediators of cognitive dysfunction
- 2024 May 31 A Double-Humanized Mouse Model for Studying Host Gut Microbiome-Immune Interactions in Gulf War Illness
- 2023 Apr Pathophysiological basis and promise of experimental therapies for Gulf War Illness, a chronic neuropsychiatric syndrome in veterans
- 2023 Apr Dysbiosis in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: Role of the gut microbiome in Gulf War Illness
- 2023 Feb 20 Microbiome Dysbiosis Shows Strong Association of Gut-Derived Altered Metabolomic Profile in Gulf War Chronic Multisymptom Illness Symptom Persistence Following Western Diet Feeding and Development of Obesity
- 2021 Sep 1 Host gut microbiome and potential therapeutics in Gulf War Illness: A short review
- 2021 Aug 15 Effects of gut microbiota remodeling on the dysbiosis induced by high fat diet in a mouse model of Gulf war illness
- 2021 Apr Gulf War Illness: Mechanisms Underlying Brain Dysfunction and Promising Therapeutic Strategies
- 2020 Jul 27 Host Akkermansia muciniphila Abundance Correlates With Gulf War Illness Symptom Persistence via NLRP3-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Decreased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
- 2020 Jul 23 The Innate Immune System and Inflammatory Priming: Potential Mechanistic Factors in Mood Disorders and Gulf War Illness
- 2020 Jul Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor exposures as an initiating factor in the development of Gulf War Illness, a chronic neuroimmune disorder in deployed veterans
- 2019 Oct 14 Dysbiosis-Associated Enteric Glial Cell Immune-Activation and Redox Imbalance Modulate Tight Junction Protein Expression in Gulf War Illness Pathology
- 2019 Jan Corticosterone and pyridostigmine/DEET exposure attenuate peripheral cytokine expression: Supporting a dominant role for neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness
- 2018 Mar Curcumin treatment leads to better cognitive and mood function in a model of Gulf War Illness with enhanced neurogenesis, and alleviation of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus
- 2018 Feb 15 Anxiety, neuroinflammation, cholinergic and GABAergic abnormalities are early markers of Gulf War illness in a mouse model of the disease
- 2017 Mar 22 Altered gut microbiome in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness causes neuroinflammation and intestinal injury via leaky gut and TLR4 activation
- 2015 Mar Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis
- 2013 Nov Mood and memory deficits in a model of Gulf War illness are linked with reduced neurogenesis, partial neuron loss, and mild inflammation in the hippocampus
Heart failure cognitive Impairment[edit | edit source]
See also
- 2025 Dec 3 Heart Failure and Cognitive Impairment Through the Lens of the Gut Microbiome: A Narrative Review -- Full text | PDF
Long Covid[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and COVID-19
Memory disorders[edit | edit source]
I’m finding that I have a much improved memory. My thoughts are more clear & sharp. I'm in less of a fog. I'm retaining more information and able to recall events from the past that I had forgotten.” (Reported only one month after inoculation with NA.) [2]
Migraine and headaches[edit | edit source]
The scientific evidence
- 2021 Dec - TSO 2.4 - Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution.
- Treatment: Eleven patients with the diagnosis of refractory chronic migraine. After the run-in period, patient ingested TSO every 2 weeks for 5 month.
- Results: 5 of 11 patients met the primary endpoint (a reduction in moderate or severe headache days by at least 3 per month) (...) 4 of 11 patients did not meet the primary endpoint. 1 patient did not supply data, and another discontinued due to diarrhea. So there is 50% of improvement with TSO.
See also (not directly related)
- 2026 Feb 5 Two-sample Mendelian randomization study of gut microbiota and inflammatory proteins: Predictive, preventive, and personalized treatment for migraine
- 2026 Jan 28 Targeting glial-orchestrated neuroinflammation in migraine pathophysiology
- 2026 Jan A review on gut microbiota and migraine severity: a complex relationship
- 2025 Dec 27 Targeting the microbiome in pediatric migraine: gastrointestinal manifestations and the therapeutic role of Bifidobacterium longum
- 2025 Dec 19 Neuroinflammatory and Redox Responses in a Rat Model of NTG-Induced Migraine
- 2025 Dec 12 LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Increases Serotonin-Evoked Activity of Trigeminal Afferents and Aggravates Mechanical Allodynia and Photophobic Behavior in Rat Migraine Model
- 2025 Dec The Role of Gut Microbiota in Migraine: Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Their Combinations
- 2025 Nov 20 Probiotic modulation of central and peripheral sensitization in a migraine model via the gut-brain-trigeminal axis
- 2025 Nov Inflammatory Cytokine Signatures Are Associated With Disease Burden and Comorbidity of Episodic Migraine and Endometriosis
- 2025 Oct 27 Dysregulated autophagy, neural signaling pathways and gut-brain axis in a novel vestibular migraine-like rat model: implications for pathogenesis
- 2025 Oct 17 Serum inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers for predicting chronic migraine transformation: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
- 2025 Oct Association Between Migraine and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2025 Aug Microglial TRPV2-mediated neuroinflammation promotes central sensitization through microglial polarization in a vestibular migraine mouse model
- 2025 May 21 Unravelling the gut-brain connection: a systematic review of migraine and the gut microbiome
- 2025 Feb 22 The Gut Microbiome and Migraine: Updates in Understanding
- 2025 Feb Galectin-1 Regulates Inflammatory Responses and Promotes Microglial M2 Polarization in Chronic Migraine
- 2025 Jan 18 The Interplay Between Gut Microbiota, Adipose Tissue, and Migraine: A Narrative Review
- 2024 Oct 25 Intranasal administration of recombinant human BDNF as a potential therapy for some primary headaches
- 2024 Oct Neuroimmune interactions in the development and chronification of migraine headache
- 2024 Jan 5 Microglia TREM1-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to central sensitization via the NF-κB pathway in a chronic migraine model
- 2023 May 6 Experimental and Clinical Investigation of Cytokines in Migraine: A Narrative Review
- 2022 Jun 13 Low-dose interleukin-2 reverses chronic migraine-related sensitizations through peripheral interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta-1 signaling
- 2022 Jan 3 IL-17 crosses the blood-brain barrier to trigger neuroinflammation: a novel mechanism in nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine
- 2021 Aug 19 Role of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Permutability on Migraine
The anecdotal evidence
The first three reports are more detailed than the quotes that follow them.
- Escaping Autoimmune Hell with Helminthic & Microbiome Immune Support (Migraine, CFS/M.E.)
- "To be enjoying not only whole days without any headache, but also entire weeks, is just incredible." [3]
- “… my daily regimen of panadol and neurofen for headaches has been cut back (actually cannot remember the last time I took neurofen (ibuprofen))…” (Reported in a private message, Dec 2012)
- “My headaches have nearly vanished…” [4]
- "Before I started treatment, I was having a 7.0/10 migraine once a week. Now, I am having a 4.5-5.0/10 migraine once a month." Two years later, this individual rated the improvement in his migraines as 75%. (Links expired)
- "In addition to the reduction in daily, M.E.-related headaches, my migraines are also greatly reduced in both frequency and severity." [5]
- ☹️ "… I have ~35 HW and they do not lessen my migraines." (Link expired) (NB. This individual may eventually have responded if he'd maintained his colony for longer. A single dose is often insufficient to provide benefits.)
- "I used to get headaches all time and some migraines, and now I hardly ever get them since I've inoculated almost a year ago. Actually haven't had a single migraine since, come to think of it…" (Reported in a private discussion, Apr 2012)
- "My migraine does not appear that often anymore and I am able to do some sports again." (Reported in a private message, Jun 2012)
- “I am still on migraine meds but I was using 4 Maxalt wafers (Rizatriptan benzoate) /week. Now I use about 1 every 7-10 days…” [6]
- “My good friend Rick was having migraine headaches about 3 - 5 times or even more per week... Then I started to pick up the HDC for him (and) he had about 30 for his first dose. In a couple of days the migraines subsided. Three weeks later he received his second dose; about the same amount. He continued migraine free for three more weeks. This trend continued as long as he got the necessary dose, apparently about 30 every three weeks.” [7]
- “In 2008, I got sick. Frighteningly sick. I had excruciating head pain that was unlike anything I'd ever experienced… Month after month, I was in unrelenting, blinding pain. I was so exhausted I could barely move… Three day migraines hit me 8-10 times per month. Nausea often made it impossible to eat. I was so exhausted I could barely move from the bed to lie on the couch all day. Some days I couldn't eat meals because I was too tired to chew… As I write this, it is a week short of seven months since I started helminth immune support... Things aren't perfect. A person with normal energy can easily work me into the ground. I still have migraines, although they occur less frequently and with lower intensity... (but) I started my day with tandem kayaking. After that, I came home, fed and watered the chickens, collected eggs, cooked a hot breakfast, tidied up the kitchen, washed and hung out laundry, attended to some gardening duties and spent several hours designing this new site and writing this page. I'm no longer too tired to chew.” [8]
- “My wife's allergies got worse and worse over seven years, manifesting in migraines that would last for days. The codeine she took for the pain masked the normal allergy symptoms so we tried endless dead-end therapies. Only after trying HDC has she got rid of her migraines, all her allergies went away.” [9]
- “I didn’t start HT for migraine in particular, but I actually haven’t had a single migraine attack ever since. (I had migraine on a regular basis for 10 years). So for me it was obviously related to my autoimmune issues.” [10]
- “My brother in law is treating migraines with NA. He has very severe frequent migraines and relies on injections. Since starting NA he has had a gradual reduction in frequency and severity. It's been about 8 months and he swears by them.” [11]
- "My son has been hosting NA for years and he experienced lots of health benefits but it has taken a long time to get on top of his migraines. He has found taking around 10 NA every month has stopped them." [12]
Neurofibromatosis type I[edit | edit source]
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1), or von Recklinghausen syndrome, is a neurodevelopmental disorder many individuals with which also experience neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Neuropathic pain[edit | edit source]
- 2016 Sep Helminth derived Immunomodulatory Glycan LNFP3 Impairs Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Glial Activation (Chinese)
See also
Peripheral nerve injury[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Nov 11 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve regeneration via macrophage migrasome-derived miR-26b-5p targeting the PTEN/AKT axis -- Full text | Full text
- 2021 Mar 15 Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism -- Full text | PDF
See also
Spinal cord injury[edit | edit source]
See also
- 2025 Dec 15 Regulatory T cells promote microglia-mediated synapse engulfment and functional recovery via the OPN-CD74 axis after spinal cord injury in mice
- 2025 Oct 6 Neuroinflammation: targeting microglia for neuroprotection and repair after spinal cord injury -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Oct The neuroinflammatory triumvirate: NF-κB, NLRP3, and mTOR in spinal cord injury
- 2025 Sep 12 Gut-Spinal Cord Axis in Spinal Cord Injury: Bidirectional Inflammatory Mechanisms and Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutic Strategies
- 2025 Aug 22 Microglial pyroptosis as a therapeutic target after traumatic spinal cord injury: current progress and future directions
- 2025 May 22 NF-κB inhibition attenuates sympathetic hyperreflexia and concomitant development of autonomic dysreflexia and immune dysfunction after spinal cord injury
- 2024 Mar 26 NF-κB and JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways as Crucial Regulators of Neuroinflammation and Astrocyte Modulation in Spinal Cord Injury
- 2024 Jan 29 Impact of inflammation and Treg cell regulation on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
- 2023 Aug Regulatory T cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury by alleviating microglia inflammation via STAT3 inhibition
- 2023 May 9 Role of regulatory T cells in spinal cord injury
- 2022 Dec 13 Treg cell-derived exosomes miR-709 attenuates microglia pyroptosis and promotes motor function recovery after spinal cord injury
- 2022 Jun 9 Microglial pyroptosis as a therapeutic target after traumatic spinal cord injury: current progress and future directions
- 2022 Mar 17 Interleukin-10 genetically modified clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells markedly reinforced functional recovery after spinal cord injury via directing alternative activation of macrophages
- 2017 Feb Characterization of meningeal type 2 innate lymphocytes and their response to CNS injury -- Full text | PDF
Stroke[edit | edit source]
- 2003 Nov Acute Stroke Therapy by Inhibition of Neutrophils (ASTIN): an adaptive dose-response study of UK-279,276 in acute ischemic stroke
- 2003 Jul UK-279,276, a neutrophil inhibitory glycoprotein, in acute stroke: tolerability and pharmacokinetics
- 2003 Jul Effects of a selective CD11b/CD18 antagonist and recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator treatment alone and in combination in a rat embolic model of stroke
See also
- 2023 May The immunopathology of B lymphocytes during stroke-induced injury and repair
- 2020 Jan Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans
ILC2
- 2025 Nov 3 Brain-infiltrating ILC2s boost poststroke angiogenic initiation through α-CGRP production
- 2025 Jun 4 ILC2 instructs neural stem and progenitor cells to potentiate neurorepair after stroke
- 2024 Mar Group 2 innate lymphoid cells suppress neuroinflammation and brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Oct Group 2 innate lymphoid cells resolve neuroinflammation following cerebral ischaemia
- 2020 Aug 7 Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Accumulate in the Brain After Hypoxia-Ischemia but Do Not Contribute to the Development of Preterm Brain Injury
IL-10
- 2015 Nov Correlating interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphisms with human cerebral infarction onset
- 2009 Sep Interleukin-10 provides direct trophic support to neurons
- 1999 Aug Postischemic hypothermia and IL-10 treatment provide long-lasting neuroprotection of CA1 hippocampus following transient global ischemia in rats
Tregs, Bregs and Foxp3+ macrophages
- 2025 Jan Role of Regulatory T Cells in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- 2023 Apr FOXP3+ macrophage represses acute ischemic stroke-induced neural inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Dec 13 T cells modulate the microglial response to brain ischemia
- 2018 Jun Regulatory B cells in experimental stroke
Inflammation
- 2019 Oct Dual Functions of Microglia in Ischemic Stroke
- 2017 Apr Regulation of microglial activation in stroke
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
- 2025 Oct 16 Molecular Mechanisms of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Onset and Progression of Stroke -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Jun 23 The regulation of neuroinflammatory response after stroke by intestinal flora microorganisms -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Jun 23 A Comprehensive Review of the Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis via Neuroinflammation: Advances and Therapeutic Implications for Ischemic Stroke -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Dec From Gut to Brain: Unraveling the Intricate Link Between Microbiome and Stroke
- 2023 Dec Gut Microbiota in Ischemic Stroke: Role of Gut Bacteria-Derived Metabolites
Traumatic brain injury[edit | edit source]
See also
- 2026 Jan 2 Gut microbiota and traumatic brain injury: insights from an antibiotic-free cohort
- 2025 Nov 12 The Gut Microbiome as a Modulator of Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology and Symptoms
- 2025 Nov Dual role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases -- Full text
- 2025 Oct Short-chain fatty acids are a key mediator of gut microbial regulation of T cell trafficking and differentiation after traumatic brain injury
- 2025 Aug T Cell Involvement in Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention
- 2025 Dec 9 Microbial production of short-chain fatty acids attenuates long-term neurologic impairment after traumatic brain injury
- 2025 Apr The Gut-Brain Axis and Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury
- 2025 Mar 15 Traumatic Brain Injury and Gut Microbiome: The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Processes
- 2025 Mar 1 Chronic traumatic brain injury induces neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits in a T cell-dependent manner
- 2024 Oct 19 Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: a review
- 2024 Sep Low-Dose Interleukin-2 Reverses Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Cognitive Deficit and Pain in a Murine Model
- 2024 May 10 Dysregulated brain-gut axis in the setting of traumatic brain injury: review of mechanisms and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies
- 2024 Feb Regulatory T lymphocytes in traumatic brain injury
- 2022 Jul Intervention of neuroinflammation in the traumatic brain injury trajectory: In vivo and clinical approaches
- 2022 May Gut-brain axis in traumatic brain injury: impact on neuroinflammation
- 2021 Mar 10 Gut microbial dysbiosis after traumatic brain injury modulates the immune response and impairs neurogenesis
- 2021 Feb 17 Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Chronic Cortical Inflammation and Neuronal Dysfunction Mediated by Microglia