Helminthic therapy and neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of mental conditions negatively affecting the development of the nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. Key features of these conditions are:
- Start early in life (often noticeable in childhood)
- Affect how the brain develops and organizes itself
- Often involve learning, communication, attention or social functioning
- Tend to be lifelong, though symptoms can change over time
Common examples of neurodevelopmental disorder are: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability, specific learning disorders (such as dyslexia) and developmental language disorder.
Scientific papers[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May Emerging mechanisms of ILC2-neuronal crosstalk across the body
- 2026 Feb 28 Zero Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among Students with Disabilities and Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Bengkulu City, Indonesia
- 2026 Jan 14 Rethinking ADHD as a neurointestinal syndrome: a gut-brain-parasite hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2026 Jan Developmental Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on the Fetal Immune System and Lung
- ✅ 2024 Oct 22 The rebalancing of the immune system at the maternal-fetal interface ameliorates autism-like behavior in adult offspring -- Full text
- 2024 Jun Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, enhances long-term potentiation and spatial memory and improves resistance to direct infection in mouse offspring -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2024 Jun Gastrointestinal nematode infection during pregnancy and lactation enhances spatial reference memory and reduces indicators of anxiety-like behaviour in uninfected adult female mouse offspring
- 2024 May 10 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring
- 2024 Feb 16 Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?
- 2022 Jun 13 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection enhances spatial memory of uninfected juvenile mouse pups -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Nov 11 Maternal nematode infection upregulates expression of Th2/Treg and diapedesis related genes in the neonatal brain
- 2021 Jan Upregulated Th2/treg brain gene expression in pups of nematode-infected mice associated with enhanced expression of leukocyte trans-endothelial cell migration across the blood brain barrier -- PDF (Thesis, McGill)
- 2020 Sep Maternal nematode infection alters neonatal brain gene expression and maternal and neonatal microbiomes (Thesis, McGill)
- 2020 Apr Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder
- 2019 Apr Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis
- 2019 Mar 12 Maternal Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection Up-regulates Expression of Genes Associated with Long-Term Potentiation in Perinatal Brains of Uninfected Developing Pups
in seven-day old pups, long-term potentiation and four related pathways essential for the development of synaptic plasticity, cognition and memory were up-regulated
- 2018 Sep 25 Microglial dopamine receptor elimination defines sex-specific nucleus accumbens development and social behavior in adolescent rats
- 2018 Jun 4 Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2018 Mar 7 Interplay Between Peripheral and Central Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2017 May Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations | PDF
- 2016 May Trichuris Suis Ova (TSO) as an immune-inflammatory treatment for repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
- 2016 Jan 20 Autism & Helminths: The Good, the Bad, and the Rumors (Autism Research Institute, YouTube)
- 2016 Jan Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection -- pdf (see also The “Old Friends” hypothesis: Reopening a can of worms)
- 2016 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?
- 2016 Helminths as a Cause or a Potential Treatment for Autism? (Autism Research Institute)
- 2015 May 11 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research
- 2015 May 7 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 May 6 Microbiome Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders (Autism Research Institute, YouTube)
- 2015 Jan 28 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic? -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Oct Trichuris Suis Ova (TSO) as an immune-inflammatory treatment for repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (Conference)
- 2013 Dec 10 Trichuris suis ova (TSO) as an immune inflammatory treatment for repetitive behaviors in ASD (Conference, Florida) (Press release Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting)
- 2013 Jul Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy
- 2012 Jun 26 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention -- Full text | PDF
- ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
- 2007 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2004 Jun A review of autism and the immune response -- PDF
For more papers, see
[edit | edit source]
Various[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May 12 Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein during development induces astrogliosis, synapse loss and long-term cognitive dysfunction in mice (Online ahead of print)
- 2026 Jan 6 The lifespan continuum of brain disorders: investigating links between neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease-chicken or egg?
- 2025 Dec Maternal Obesity in Pregnancy: Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Offspring -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Nov 20 The critical role of Th17 cells and IL-17A in autoimmune and inflammation-associated neurological diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives
- 2025 Nov 19 The impact of trans fatty acids on ADHD in relation to the gut microbiome
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2025 Jul 1 Maternal immune-mediated conditions and ADHD risk in offspring
- 2025 Jun 23 Group 2 innate lymphoid cells drive inhibitory synapse formation with lasting effects on learning and memory -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Nov Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote inhibitory synapse development and social behavior
- 2023 Feb Innate immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
- 2023 Jan 10 Anti-inflammatory properties of commonly used psychiatric drugs
- 2019 Dec 14 Maternal elevated salt consumption and the development of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring
Maternal immune activation[edit | edit source]
- 2026 Apr 24 Vagus nerve stimulation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for maternal immune activation-induced alterations in offspring microglia and neurodevelopment (in conjunction of Parasites trigger epithelial cell crosstalk to drive gut-brain signalling)
- 2026 Feb 24 Endogenous retrovirus-derived RNA-DNA hybrids induce microglial synaptic pruning in autism models
- 2026 Feb 19 Microglial Lyn Kinase-TRPV4 axis mediates social deficits in a maternal immune activation model
- 2026 Feb 3 Maternal-fetal immune conflict contributes to male-specific impairments in a mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders (Preprint)
- 2026 Feb 1 Sex specific effects of adoptive Tregs transfer on the brain and periphery in maternal immune activation offspring rescuing immune dysregulation (Preprint)
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2026 Feb Maternal immune activation during gestation modulates offspring immune profiles in a nonhuman primate model
- 2026 Jan 24 Maternal Poly (I:C)-Induced Placental Inflammation and Endocrine Dysfunction Are Associated with Disrupted Corticogenesis in Mouse Offspring
- 2026 Jan 3 Prenatal Interferon-Alpha Exposure Induces Autism-Like Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Alterations in Male Offspring
- 2025 Nov 24 Maternal Immune Activation and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Integrating Molecular, Cellular and Systems Mechanisms -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Nov 16 Double-hit of MIA and Nod2 deficiency induces sex-specific offspring behavioral abnormalities through placental dysregulation
- 2025 Oct 16 IL-6 Inhibition Partially Ameliorates Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Autism-Like Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice
- 2025 Jul Neuroimmune and behavioral changes elicited by maternal immune activation in mice are ameliorated by early postnatal immune stimulation
- 2024 Oct Prenatal drivers of microglia vulnerability in the adult
- 2024 Oct Altered brain metabolites in male nonhuman primate offspring exposed to maternal immune activation
- 2025 Jul 28 Maternal immune activation alters infant attentional processing in a nonhuman primate model
- 2024 Jul 11 The role of microglia in early neurodevelopment and the effects of maternal immune activation
- 2024 May 7 Impact of maternal immune activation and sex on placental and fetal brain cytokine and gene expression profiles in a preclinical model of neurodevelopmental disorders
- 2023 Dec 16 Abnormal neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children with autism spectrum disorder and history of maternal immune activation
- 2023 Aug 15 The Outcomes of Maternal Immune Activation Induced with the Viral Mimetic Poly I:C on Microglia in Exposed Rodent Offspring
- 2023 Feb Maternal behaviours and adult offspring behavioural deficits are predicted by maternal TNFα concentration in a rat model of neurodevelopmental disorders
- 2022 Oct Immune Activation in Pregnant Rats Affects Brain Glucose Consumption, Anxiety-like Behaviour and Recognition Memory in their Male Offspring
- 2022 Nov 30 Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ
- 2022 Sep 15 Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on Nonhuman Primate Prefrontal Cortex Development: Insights for Schizophrenia
- 2022 Jan Emerging evidence of Toll-like receptors as a putative pathway linking maternal inflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders in human offspring: A systematic review
- 2021 Dec 1 Maternal Immune Activation during Pregnancy Alters Postnatal Brain Growth and Cognitive Development in Nonhuman Primate Offspring
- 2021 Jun Rescue of maternal immune activation-induced behavioral abnormalities in adult mouse offspring by pathogen-activated maternal Treg cells
- 2021 Apr 23 Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Maternal Immune Activation Promotes Autism-Like Phenotype in Infected Mice Offspring
- 2021 Jan 21 Maternal acute and chronic inflammation in pregnancy is associated with common neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review
- 2018 Apr Microglia, the missing link in maternal immune activation and fetal neurodevelopment; and a possible link in preeclampsia and disturbed neurodevelopment?
- 2018 Jan Maternal IL-17A in autism
- 2017 Jul Long-term altered immune responses following fetal priming in a non-human primate model of maternal immune activation
- 2014 May Maternal immune activation leads to activated inflammatory macrophages in offspring
Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Aug 1 Restricted fetal blood brain barrier permeability in a preclinical model of autism induced by Group B Streptococcus maternal immune activation
- 2025 Jul 2 Group B Streptococcus disease during infancy and risk of subsequent neurodevelopmental impairments in young children: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
- 2024 Oct 23 IL-1 Blockade Mitigates Autism and Cerebral Palsy Traits in Offspring In-Utero Exposed to Group B Streptococcus Chorioamnionitis
- 2023 Sep 14 Sex-Specific Dysconnective Brain Injuries and Neuropsychiatric Conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder Caused by Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis
Microglia[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May 11 Genetic-Environmental Programming of Microglial Identity: Shaping Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Diseases
- 2026 May 8 Neuroinflammatory and Synaptic Roles of Glial Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder (Online ahead of print)
- 2026 May Microglia Regulatory and T-Helper Cytokine Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2026 Apr 28 Microglia in autism spectrum disorder: heterogeneity, immunometabolism, and synapse-related pathways
- 2026 Feb 24 Endogenous retrovirus-derived RNA-DNA hybrids induce microglial synaptic pruning in autism models
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2025 Jan A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges
- 2024 Dec Potential key pathophysiological participant and treatment target in autism spectrum disorder: Microglia
- 2022 Aug 2 Prenatal environmental stressors impair postnatal microglia function and adult behavior in males
- 2017 Dec 4 Selective proliferative response of microglia to alternative polarization signals
- 2016 Jan 13 Cyclic AMP is a key regulator of M1 to M2a phenotypic conversion of microglia in the presence of Th2 cytokines
Mast cells[edit | edit source]
- 2026 Apr 2 Role of Mast Cells and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of the Developmental Period
- 2025 Sep The role of mast cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2024 Feb 24 Mast Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder-The Enigma to Be Solved?
- 2023 Mast Cell Modulation of the Developing Hippocampus (Thesis, Maryland)
Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May Unveiling the Molecular Mechanism of Intestinal Metabolite para-Cresol in Modulating Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Dysfunction: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2026 Mar 12 Translocation of bacteria from the gut to the brain in mice (Media coverage Psypost Scientists just discovered that a high-fat diet can cause gut bacteria to enter the brain)
- 2026 Feb 15 Gut virome plays an extended role with bacteriome in neurological health and disease (also preprint)
- 2026 Jan 23 Intergenerational effects of the microbiota on neurodevelopment: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives
- 2026 Jan Microbiome dynamics in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis decoding the role of gut dysbiosis and potential dietary interventions
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2025 Dec Symptom-specific gut microbial and metabolic profiles in ADHD reveal SCFA deficiency as a Key pathogenic mechanism
- 2025 Nov 29 The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism: Inflammatory Mechanisms, Molecular Insights, and Emerging Microbiome-Based Therapies
- 2025 Nov 26 Gut Microbiota and Autism: Unlocking Connections
- 2025 Nov 17 The Pediatric Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Development and Intervention
- 2025 Nov 10 Gut Microbiotas, Plasma Metabolites, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis
- 2025 Nov Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Insights Into Neurobiological Links and Treatment Implications
- 2025 Nov Role of the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases: Molecular connections and therapeutic implications (Review)
- 2025 Oct 1 Gut microbiota and behavioral ontogeny in autism spectrum disorder: a pathway to therapeutic innovations
- 2025 Sep 17 Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives
- 2025 Sep 13 Altered Gut Microbial Diversity and Depletion of SCFA-Producing Taxa Associated with ASD-like Phenotypes in a Prenatal VPA Rat Model
- 2025 Sep The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
- 2025 Aug 29 Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: Current Insights and Therapeutic Implications
- 2025 Jul 28 Impact of maternal microbiota imbalance during pregnancy on fetal cerebral neurodevelopment: Is there a link to certain autistic disorders?
- 2025 Jul 2 Disruption of gut microbiome and metabolome in treatment-naïve children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- 2025 Jun Gut microbiome differences in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder and effects of probiotic supplementation: A randomized controlled trial
- 2025 May 23 A narrative review of research advances in gut microbiota and microecological agents in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- 2025 May 21 Causal relationship between gut microbiota, blood metabolites and autism spectrum disorder: a Mendelian randomization study
- 2025 May 19 Gut-Brain Inflammatory Pathways in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Diet
- 2025 Apr 8 Exploring the Gut-brain Axis: Microbiome Contributions to Pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Potential Therapeutic Strategies
- 2025 Apr Common Gut Microbial Signatures in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- 2025 Mar 25 The Gut-Brain-Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2025 Mar 17 Gut dysbiosis as a driver of neuroinflammation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of current evidence
- 2025 Jan IUPHAR review: Targeted therapies of signaling pathways based on the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorders: Mechanistic and therapeutic applications
- 2024 Dec 23 Beyond the Brain: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Gut-Brain Axis
- 2024 Nov 15 Investigating brain-gut microbiota dynamics and inflammatory processes in an autistic-like rat model using MRI biomarkers during childhood and adolescence
- 2024 Nov The gut-microbiome in adult Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - A Meta-analysis
- 2024 Sep 16 Gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder and healthy siblings: A comparative study
- 2024 Jul 27 Disrupted gut harmony in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Dysbiosis and decreased short-chain fatty acids
- 2024 Jul 11 Antibiotic use and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cohort study
- 2024 Jan-Dec The early life exposome and autism risk: a role for the maternal microbiome?
- 2023 May Maternal and Early-Life Exposure to Antibiotics and the Risk of Autism and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood: a Swedish Population-Based Cohort Study
- 2023 Jan-Dec Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder share distinct microbiota compositions
- 2022 Jun 3 The Endocannabinoids-Microbiota Partnership in Gut-Brain Axis Homeostasis: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders (linked to this articles)
- 2020 Jul Gut instincts: vitamin D/vitamin D receptor and microbiome in neurodevelopment disorders
- 2020 Apr 1 Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice
- 2020 Feb 18 Case-Control Study of the Effects of Gut Microbiota Composition on Neurotransmitter Metabolic Pathways in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Autism[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and autism
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, ADD)[edit | edit source]
- 2026 Jan 14 Rethinking ADHD as a neurointestinal syndrome: a gut-brain-parasite hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Dec Symptom-specific gut microbial and metabolic profiles in ADHD reveal SCFA deficiency as a Key pathogenic mechanism -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Nov 19 The impact of trans fatty acids on ADHD in relation to the gut microbiome -- Full text | PDF
Personal story:
Neurofibromatosis type I[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and neurological disorders
Tourette Syndrome[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and neuropsychiatric disorders: Tourette Syndrome