Helminthic therapy and neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of mental conditions negatively affecting the development of the nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. Key features of these conditions are:
- Start early in life (often noticeable in childhood)
- Affect how the brain develops and organizes itself
- Often involve learning, communication, attention or social functioning
- Tend to be lifelong, though symptoms can change over time
Common examples of neurodevelopmental disorder are: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability, specific learning disorders (such as dyslexia) and developmental language disorder.
Scientific papers[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May Emerging mechanisms of ILC2-neuronal crosstalk across the body
- 2026 Feb 28 Zero Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among Students with Disabilities and Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Bengkulu City, Indonesia
- 2026 Jan 14 Rethinking ADHD as a neurointestinal syndrome: a gut-brain-parasite hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2026 Jan Developmental Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on the Fetal Immune System and Lung
- ✅ 2024 Oct 22 The rebalancing of the immune system at the maternal-fetal interface ameliorates autism-like behavior in adult offspring -- Full text
- 2024 Jun Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, enhances long-term potentiation and spatial memory and improves resistance to direct infection in mouse offspring -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2024 Jun Gastrointestinal nematode infection during pregnancy and lactation enhances spatial reference memory and reduces indicators of anxiety-like behaviour in uninfected adult female mouse offspring
- 2024 May 10 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring
- 2024 Feb 16 Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?
- 2022 Jun 13 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection enhances spatial memory of uninfected juvenile mouse pups -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Nov 11 Maternal nematode infection upregulates expression of Th2/Treg and diapedesis related genes in the neonatal brain
- 2021 Jan Upregulated Th2/treg brain gene expression in pups of nematode-infected mice associated with enhanced expression of leukocyte trans-endothelial cell migration across the blood brain barrier -- PDF (Thesis, McGill)
- 2020 Sep Maternal nematode infection alters neonatal brain gene expression and maternal and neonatal microbiomes (Thesis, McGill)
- 2019 Apr Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis
- 2019 Mar 12 Maternal Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection Up-regulates Expression of Genes Associated with Long-Term Potentiation in Perinatal Brains of Uninfected Developing Pups
in seven-day old pups, long-term potentiation and four related pathways essential for the development of synaptic plasticity, cognition and memory were up-regulated
- 2018 Sep 25 Microglial dopamine receptor elimination defines sex-specific nucleus accumbens development and social behavior in adolescent rats
- 2018 Jun 4 Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2018 Mar 7 Interplay Between Peripheral and Central Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2017 May Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations | PDF
- 2016 May Trichuris Suis Ova (TSO) as an immune-inflammatory treatment for repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
- 2016 Jan 20 Autism & Helminths: The Good, the Bad, and the Rumors (Autism Research Institute, YouTube)
- 2016 Jan Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection -- pdf (see also The “Old Friends” hypothesis: Reopening a can of worms)
- 2016 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?
- 2016 Helminths as a Cause or a Potential Treatment for Autism? (Autism Research Institute)
- 2015 May 11 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research
- 2015 May 7 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 May 6 Microbiome Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders (Autism Research Institute, YouTube)
- 2015 Jan 28 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic? -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Dec 12 Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting
- 2013 Jul Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy
- 2012 Jun 26 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention -- Full text | PDF
- ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
- 2007 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2004 Jun A review of autism and the immune response -- PDF
For more papers, see
[edit | edit source]
Various[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May 12 Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein during development induces astrogliosis, synapse loss and long-term cognitive dysfunction in mice (Online ahead of print)
- 2026 Jan 6 The lifespan continuum of brain disorders: investigating links between neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease-chicken or egg?
- 2025 Dec Maternal Obesity in Pregnancy: Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Offspring -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Nov 20 The critical role of Th17 cells and IL-17A in autoimmune and inflammation-associated neurological diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives
- 2025 Nov 19 The impact of trans fatty acids on ADHD in relation to the gut microbiome
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2025 Jul 1 Maternal immune-mediated conditions and ADHD risk in offspring
- 2025 Jun 23 Group 2 innate lymphoid cells drive inhibitory synapse formation with lasting effects on learning and memory -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Nov Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote inhibitory synapse development and social behavior
- 2023 Feb Innate immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
- 2023 Jan 10 Anti-inflammatory properties of commonly used psychiatric drugs
- 2019 Dec 14 Maternal elevated salt consumption and the development of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring
Maternal immune activation[edit | edit source]
- 2026 Apr 24 Vagus nerve stimulation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for maternal immune activation-induced alterations in offspring microglia and neurodevelopment (in conjunction of Parasites trigger epithelial cell crosstalk to drive gut-brain signalling)
- 2026 Feb 24 Endogenous retrovirus-derived RNA-DNA hybrids induce microglial synaptic pruning in autism models
- 2026 Feb 19 Microglial Lyn Kinase-TRPV4 axis mediates social deficits in a maternal immune activation model
- 2026 Feb 3 Maternal-fetal immune conflict contributes to male-specific impairments in a mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders (Preprint)
- 2026 Feb 1 Sex specific effects of adoptive Tregs transfer on the brain and periphery in maternal immune activation offspring rescuing immune dysregulation (Preprint)
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2026 Feb Maternal immune activation during gestation modulates offspring immune profiles in a nonhuman primate model
- 2026 Jan 24 Maternal Poly (I:C)-Induced Placental Inflammation and Endocrine Dysfunction Are Associated with Disrupted Corticogenesis in Mouse Offspring
- 2026 Jan 3 Prenatal Interferon-Alpha Exposure Induces Autism-Like Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Alterations in Male Offspring
- 2025 Nov 24 Maternal Immune Activation and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Integrating Molecular, Cellular and Systems Mechanisms -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Nov 16 Double-hit of MIA and Nod2 deficiency induces sex-specific offspring behavioral abnormalities through placental dysregulation
- 2025 Oct 16 IL-6 Inhibition Partially Ameliorates Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Autism-Like Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice
- 2025 Jul Neuroimmune and behavioral changes elicited by maternal immune activation in mice are ameliorated by early postnatal immune stimulation
- 2024 Oct Prenatal drivers of microglia vulnerability in the adult
- 2024 Oct Altered brain metabolites in male nonhuman primate offspring exposed to maternal immune activation
- 2025 Jul 28 Maternal immune activation alters infant attentional processing in a nonhuman primate model
- 2024 Jul 11 The role of microglia in early neurodevelopment and the effects of maternal immune activation
- 2024 May 7 Impact of maternal immune activation and sex on placental and fetal brain cytokine and gene expression profiles in a preclinical model of neurodevelopmental disorders
- 2023 Dec 16 Abnormal neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children with autism spectrum disorder and history of maternal immune activation
- 2023 Aug 15 The Outcomes of Maternal Immune Activation Induced with the Viral Mimetic Poly I:C on Microglia in Exposed Rodent Offspring
- 2023 Feb Maternal behaviours and adult offspring behavioural deficits are predicted by maternal TNFα concentration in a rat model of neurodevelopmental disorders
- 2022 Oct Immune Activation in Pregnant Rats Affects Brain Glucose Consumption, Anxiety-like Behaviour and Recognition Memory in their Male Offspring
- 2022 Nov 30 Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ
- 2022 Sep 15 Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on Nonhuman Primate Prefrontal Cortex Development: Insights for Schizophrenia
- 2022 Jan Emerging evidence of Toll-like receptors as a putative pathway linking maternal inflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders in human offspring: A systematic review
- 2021 Dec 1 Maternal Immune Activation during Pregnancy Alters Postnatal Brain Growth and Cognitive Development in Nonhuman Primate Offspring
- 2021 Jun Rescue of maternal immune activation-induced behavioral abnormalities in adult mouse offspring by pathogen-activated maternal Treg cells
- 2021 Apr 23 Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Maternal Immune Activation Promotes Autism-Like Phenotype in Infected Mice Offspring
- 2021 Jan 21 Maternal acute and chronic inflammation in pregnancy is associated with common neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review
- 2018 Apr Microglia, the missing link in maternal immune activation and fetal neurodevelopment; and a possible link in preeclampsia and disturbed neurodevelopment?
- 2018 Jan Maternal IL-17A in autism
- 2017 Jul Long-term altered immune responses following fetal priming in a non-human primate model of maternal immune activation
- 2014 May Maternal immune activation leads to activated inflammatory macrophages in offspring
Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Aug 1 Restricted fetal blood brain barrier permeability in a preclinical model of autism induced by Group B Streptococcus maternal immune activation
- 2025 Jul 2 Group B Streptococcus disease during infancy and risk of subsequent neurodevelopmental impairments in young children: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
- 2024 Oct 23 IL-1 Blockade Mitigates Autism and Cerebral Palsy Traits in Offspring In-Utero Exposed to Group B Streptococcus Chorioamnionitis
- 2023 Sep 14 Sex-Specific Dysconnective Brain Injuries and Neuropsychiatric Conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder Caused by Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis
Microglia[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May 11 Genetic-Environmental Programming of Microglial Identity: Shaping Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Diseases
- 2026 May 8 Neuroinflammatory and Synaptic Roles of Glial Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder (Online ahead of print)
- 2026 May Microglia Regulatory and T-Helper Cytokine Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2026 Apr 28 Microglia in autism spectrum disorder: heterogeneity, immunometabolism, and synapse-related pathways
- 2026 Feb 24 Endogenous retrovirus-derived RNA-DNA hybrids induce microglial synaptic pruning in autism models
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2025 Jan A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges
- 2024 Dec Potential key pathophysiological participant and treatment target in autism spectrum disorder: Microglia
- 2022 Aug 2 Prenatal environmental stressors impair postnatal microglia function and adult behavior in males
- 2017 Dec 4 Selective proliferative response of microglia to alternative polarization signals
- 2016 Jan 13 Cyclic AMP is a key regulator of M1 to M2a phenotypic conversion of microglia in the presence of Th2 cytokines
Mast cells[edit | edit source]
- 2026 Apr 2 Role of Mast Cells and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of the Developmental Period
- 2025 Sep The role of mast cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2024 Feb 24 Mast Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder-The Enigma to Be Solved?
- 2023 Mast Cell Modulation of the Developing Hippocampus (Thesis, Maryland)
Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis[edit | edit source]
- 2026 May Unveiling the Molecular Mechanism of Intestinal Metabolite para-Cresol in Modulating Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Dysfunction: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2026 Mar 12 Translocation of bacteria from the gut to the brain in mice (Media coverage Psypost Scientists just discovered that a high-fat diet can cause gut bacteria to enter the brain)
- 2026 Feb 15 Gut virome plays an extended role with bacteriome in neurological health and disease (also preprint)
- 2026 Jan 23 Intergenerational effects of the microbiota on neurodevelopment: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives
- 2026 Jan Microbiome dynamics in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis decoding the role of gut dysbiosis and potential dietary interventions
More papers (Tap to expand / minimize)
- 2025 Dec Symptom-specific gut microbial and metabolic profiles in ADHD reveal SCFA deficiency as a Key pathogenic mechanism
- 2025 Nov 29 The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism: Inflammatory Mechanisms, Molecular Insights, and Emerging Microbiome-Based Therapies
- 2025 Nov 26 Gut Microbiota and Autism: Unlocking Connections
- 2025 Nov 17 The Pediatric Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Development and Intervention
- 2025 Nov 10 Gut Microbiotas, Plasma Metabolites, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis
- 2025 Nov Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Insights Into Neurobiological Links and Treatment Implications
- 2025 Nov Role of the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases: Molecular connections and therapeutic implications (Review)
- 2025 Oct 1 Gut microbiota and behavioral ontogeny in autism spectrum disorder: a pathway to therapeutic innovations
- 2025 Sep 17 Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives
- 2025 Sep 13 Altered Gut Microbial Diversity and Depletion of SCFA-Producing Taxa Associated with ASD-like Phenotypes in a Prenatal VPA Rat Model
- 2025 Sep The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
- 2025 Aug 29 Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: Current Insights and Therapeutic Implications
- 2025 Jul 28 Impact of maternal microbiota imbalance during pregnancy on fetal cerebral neurodevelopment: Is there a link to certain autistic disorders?
- 2025 Jul 2 Disruption of gut microbiome and metabolome in treatment-naïve children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- 2025 Jun Gut microbiome differences in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder and effects of probiotic supplementation: A randomized controlled trial
- 2025 May 23 A narrative review of research advances in gut microbiota and microecological agents in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- 2025 May 21 Causal relationship between gut microbiota, blood metabolites and autism spectrum disorder: a Mendelian randomization study
- 2025 May 19 Gut-Brain Inflammatory Pathways in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Diet
- 2025 Apr 8 Exploring the Gut-brain Axis: Microbiome Contributions to Pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Potential Therapeutic Strategies
- 2025 Apr Common Gut Microbial Signatures in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- 2025 Mar 25 The Gut-Brain-Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2025 Mar 17 Gut dysbiosis as a driver of neuroinflammation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of current evidence
- 2025 Jan IUPHAR review: Targeted therapies of signaling pathways based on the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorders: Mechanistic and therapeutic applications
- 2024 Dec 23 Beyond the Brain: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Gut-Brain Axis
- 2024 Nov 15 Investigating brain-gut microbiota dynamics and inflammatory processes in an autistic-like rat model using MRI biomarkers during childhood and adolescence
- 2024 Nov The gut-microbiome in adult Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - A Meta-analysis
- 2024 Sep 16 Gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder and healthy siblings: A comparative study
- 2024 Jul 27 Disrupted gut harmony in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Dysbiosis and decreased short-chain fatty acids
- 2024 Jul 11 Antibiotic use and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cohort study
- 2024 Jan-Dec The early life exposome and autism risk: a role for the maternal microbiome?
- 2023 May Maternal and Early-Life Exposure to Antibiotics and the Risk of Autism and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood: a Swedish Population-Based Cohort Study
- 2023 Jan-Dec Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder share distinct microbiota compositions
- 2022 Jun 3 The Endocannabinoids-Microbiota Partnership in Gut-Brain Axis Homeostasis: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders (linked to this articles)
- 2020 Jul Gut instincts: vitamin D/vitamin D receptor and microbiome in neurodevelopment disorders
- 2020 Apr 1 Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice
- 2020 Feb 18 Case-Control Study of the Effects of Gut Microbiota Composition on Neurotransmitter Metabolic Pathways in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Autism[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and autism
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, ADD)[edit | edit source]
- 2026 Jan 14 Rethinking ADHD as a neurointestinal syndrome: a gut-brain-parasite hypothesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Dec Symptom-specific gut microbial and metabolic profiles in ADHD reveal SCFA deficiency as a Key pathogenic mechanism -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Nov 19 The impact of trans fatty acids on ADHD in relation to the gut microbiome -- Full text | PDF
Personal story:
Neurofibromatosis type I[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and neurological disorders
Tourette Syndrome[edit | edit source]
See Helminthic therapy and neuropsychiatric disorders: Tourette Syndrome