Helminthic therapy and cancer

    From Helminthic Therapy wiki

    There are many different helminth species belonging to different phyla. Since these may use different mechanisms from each other, the effects of one species can not be generalized to others.

    Some helminths cause cancer, while others protect against it[edit | edit source]

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    In spite of having parasites that are classified as inducers and promoters of some neoplasms, others are reported as negative regulators of cancer. [1]
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    Emerging evidence indicates that certain parasites… are causative agents of malignancies such as bladder cancer caused bv schistosomes and cholangiocarcinoma by liver flukes… On the contrary, some parasite infections or molecules seem to display protective effects on some cancers, such as is the case with Echinococcus. [2]

    Helminths that have been identified as being carcinogenic include the fish-borne trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis and the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, all of which are categorised by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as Group 1 biological carcinogens. [3] [4]

    The helminths used for therapeutic purposes (NA, TT, TS and HD) are not carcinogenic (see Helminthic therapy safety), but one helminthic therapist has suggested that, since some solid mass tumours like to surround themselves with regulatory immune cells, it may be unwise to increase this cell population in patients with a history of solid mass tumours. [5]

    See also

    Cancer-promoting helminths[edit | edit source]

    Three helminth infections have been classified as definitely carcinogenic to humans (group 1 carcinogens), namely Schistosoma haematobium, which is associated with cancer of the urinary bladder and the food-borne liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini associated with cholangiocarcinoma of the liver

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    In this review, we discuss the role of specific ESP from the carcinogenic helminths Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium in inducing chronic inflammation and cancer in their host's tissues

    The protective role of helminths[edit | edit source]

    Helminths may be able to elicit anti-tumor immune responses that can lead to protection from tumorigenesis, or even to cancer regression.

    Helminth infection may limit the growth and dispersion of tumors.

    Helminths reduce the level of IGF-1, which promotes the growth of certain tumors.

    See also (may not be related)

    Effect of helminths by type of cancer[edit | edit source]

    Adenosarcoma[edit | edit source]

    See also

    Sarcoma-180 ascites tumors[edit | edit source]

    Bladder cancer[edit | edit source]

    Schistosoma haematobium is known to promote cancer

    Breast cancer[edit | edit source]

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    No effect of the helminth H. diminuta was observed.

    See also:

    Colorectal cancer[edit | edit source]

    According to a review [6], Necator americanus could, in theory, reduce risk of colorectal cancer by several means:

    • acting on obesity (leptin), diabetes (IGF-I levels), IBD (2–6 times higher CRC risk due to complex carcinogenic mechanisms), dysbiosis (alterations in gut microbiota composition also contribute to CRC risk, the dysbiosis promotes the transition from adenoma to invasive cancer), butyrate level (the loss of butyrate-producing bacteria in obesity and type 2 diabetes further promotes inflammation and tumorigenesis)
    • acting on inflammation which causes oxidative stress and DNA damage, triggering a sequence from inflammation to dysplasia to cancer
    • acting on NF-κB signaling and triggers inflammatory processes, which contribute to carcinogenesis
    • downregulate TNF-α, IL-17

    According to another study [7], "IL-25 plays an inhibitory role in the growth and development of colonic tumors".

    Here is a testimonial :

    • "Originally my doctor wanted to try these guys (NA) as an experiment to see if they help with reducing my cancer. We also found out these guys help the genetic condition that caused my cancer (FAP) which mimics an autoimmune disease. There are few studies that prove that elevated eosinophils actually help kill colorectal cancer cells. Six months into it, I'm cancer free." [8]

    Scientific papers :

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    Surprisingly, while antigen from H. polygyrus inhibited human colorectal cancer cell migration, it had the opposite effect on mouse colorectal cancer cells, suggesting that its impact on colorectal cancer migration may be, at the very least, species dependent.

    Cancer promotion

    See also (may not be directly related)

    Fibrosarcoma[edit | edit source]

    See also

    Gastric cancer[edit | edit source]

    The high prevalence of helminth infections in Sub-Saharan Africa may be responsible for a reduced risk of gastric adenocarcinoma.
    Helminth infection may alter inflammatory responses to H. pylori and thus affect the progression of gastritis to gastric atrophy, dysplasia, and cancer.

    See more here:

    Leukemia, myeloma and lymphoma[edit | edit source]

    See also

    See also (not directly related)

    T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia[edit | edit source]

    There are no known studies or testimonials regarding the effects of helminths on T-cell LGL lymphocytic leukemia.

    Several clues suggest that helminthic therapy is potentially an avenue worth exploring:

    Diseases involving T lymphocytes. graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases

    Immunosuppressive treatments. Helminthic therapy works on diseases that use immunosuppressive treatments such as Methotrexate.

    Vitamin D Helminth therapy acts on similar pathways and conditions.

    Associated autoimmune diseases "LGL leukemia is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune endocrinopathies, vasculitis, or autoimmune cytopenia"[9]

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    Up to 28% of patients with T-LGL leukemia have rheumatoid arthritis (RA):

    Pro-inflammatory cytokines Helminths shift immunity from Th1/Th17 inflammatory cytokines to Th2 immunity.

    NF-κB pathway Helminths downregulate the NF-κB pathway.

    See also

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    Here, we exploit the immunosuppressive properties of Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), through selective “silencing” of T and B cells by a targeted TGF-β mimic agonist derived from Helminths.
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    LGL leukemia is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune endocrinopathies, vasculitis, or autoimmune cytopenia:

    To determine whether helminths are relevant to this disease please see Medical conditions and their response to helminthic therapy: Steps to take for a specific condition

    Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)[edit | edit source]

    See also

    See also

    Lung Cancer[edit | edit source]

    Cancer promotion

    Melanoma[edit | edit source]

    Cancer promotion

    See also (This may not be directly related) :

    Ovarian Cancer[edit | edit source]

    See also

    Pancreatic cancer[edit | edit source]

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    It is posited that a high rate of infection by soil-transmitted helminth in developing countries and rural areas protects the human host from the development of pancreatic cancer, possibly by immune modulation

    See also (not directly related)

    Osteosarcoma[edit | edit source]

    Papillomavirus induced cervical cancer[edit | edit source]

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    Together, these findings show that helminth infection can protect against distal viral infection and suppress the growth and cancer cell behaviour of HPV associated cervical cancer

    For more publications see Helminthic therapy and infectious disease, papillomavirus

    HIV-Helminth co-infections and cancer risk[edit | edit source]

    See also Helminths and HIV

    Necator americanus and IFN-γ[edit | edit source]

    To be read in conjunction with:

    Cancer has been linked to inflammation, which is controlled by helminths[edit | edit source]

    Helminths and their products may potentially treat cancer[edit | edit source]

    The scientific literature reveals that various cancer types have shown promising responses to parasite therapy in both in vitro and in vivo animal studies.

    Helminths exert antitumor effects via several mechanisms of action.

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    The beneficial effects reported for some parasitic diseases on tumorigenesis range from the induction of apoptosis, activation of the immune response, avoiding metastasis and angiogenesis, inhibition of proliferative signals, to the regulation of inflammatory responses that promote cancer. [10]

    The following anecdotal report suggests a positive contribution by NA to treatment in one case of cancer.

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    Originally my doctor wanted to try these guys (NA) as an experiment to see if they help with reducing my cancer. We also found out these guys help the genetic condition that caused my cancer (FAP) which mimics an autoimmune disease. There are few studies that prove that elevated eosinophils actually help kill colorectal cancer cells. Six months into it, I'm cancer free. [11]
    And an update three years later.
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    Re-innoculated myself with 10 N. americanus (NA) on July 13th 2023, after successfully hosting NA back in late 2019 and into 2022. My goal back in 2019 and now remains the same. Combatting my hereditary condition known as FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis) which fueled my diagnosis of Stage IV colorectal cancer five years ago, at the age of 30. Within the first 3-4 months; my body, spirit, overall health - and cancer prognosis - sobered up! I was also put on (just before inoculation) a last ditch effort immunotherapy that had "little hope of prolonged life". This PD-1 inhibitor treatments, in my opinion, might have worked synergistically with the NA response to my immuno profile. I credited the NA on two things; 1) helping my body repair DNA and address inflammation from my flawed inherited genes, & 2) promote pathways that helped go after my tumors littered throughout my lymph nodes, liver, diaphragm, and colon. Specifically interleukin pathways and the release of high amounts of eosinophils (EOs) which are known to interrupt colorectal cancer cells. This also helped me during my first reoccurrence with the disease in early 2021, while on an experimental trial in which I was about the best (of very few) positive responses. I killed off my previous colony in favor of a highly recommended protocol involving a common ingredient in dog dewormer while in remission in October of 2022, my last NA innoculation before killing off the NA was in April 2022. Fast forward to now (2023) I was recently re-diagnosed with cancer after another year of remission. My last CT scan showed some growth in my lymph nodes with no additional spread. Hoping this works with my last standard of care treatment. [12]

    Worm-derived molecules could be potential candidates for anti-cancer drugs[edit | edit source]

    Helminths and CAR-T cells therapy[edit | edit source]

    Chemotherapy-induced pathologies[edit | edit source]

    Helminths act on side effects of chemotherapy: leaky gut, blood-brain barrier permeability, chronic inflammation, neuroinflammation and brain fog.

    See also

    Molecular mimicry between parasites and cancer[edit | edit source]

    Infection with other microorganisms may also help to reduce cancer risk[edit | edit source]

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    Researchers found that enhanced biodiversity (of bacteria and worms) was associated with better immune responsiveness. Specifically, they found better responses to vaccination, better T-cell responses, and much higher levels of "natural" antibodies, which have been shown to be important in fighting cancer. [13]

    BCG vaccination in infancy confers a survival advantage for melanoma patients, and vaccination of adults against yellow fever may have a similar effect.

    Infection with the feline parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, stimulates the body to produce natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells, which wage war on cancer cells.

    Rather than the presence of infectious microorganisms increasing cancer risk, a lack of them may be the greater problem.

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    …attenuated responses to tumor antigens as a result of biome depletion might underlie, at least in part, the proposed connection between increased rates of cancer and biome depletion. Further, decreased levels of “natural” IgG and IgM observed in biome depleted (laboratory) environments could exacerbate the problem, since the natural antibody repertoire is involved in tumor surveillance. In this manner, decreased tumor surveillance in biome depleted environments could promote cancer progression and operate synergistically with biome depletion-associated inflammation, a potential initiator and promoter of carcinogenesis. [14]

    See also

    Microbiota and Cancer[edit | edit source]

    Anthelmintic drugs may be used in cancer treatment[edit | edit source]

    This does not mean that terminating any helminths that a cancer patient may be hosting will help to treat their cancer.

    When an anthelmintic drug such as mebendazole (Vermox) is used in cancer treatment, it is not because of its worm-killing effects, but because of its ability to act directly on cancers, blocking tumor growth and spread, inducing apoptosis, and increasing sensitivity to other anti-cancer therapies. [15]

    However, the use of an anthelmintic as part of a patient’s cancer treatment would prevent that patient from hosting helminths while they remain on that treatment.

    When a helminth, itself, gets cancer[edit | edit source]

    This rare case in which a man died after a tapeworm inside him developed cancer, involved a helminth that is not used in therapy.

    For a discussion about this case, see this support group thread.

    Reviews and meta-analysis[edit | edit source]

    See also

    See also[edit | edit source]

    The reintroduction to the digestive tract of a controlled number of specially domesticated, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) in the form of microscopic eggs or larvae to reconstitute a depleted biome to treat or prevent chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and other immune-related disorders, including allergy.

    An intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. Wikipedia:Helminths

    An intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. Wikipedia:Helminths

    An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits at the host’s expense. (The organisms used in helminthic therapy are, strictly speaking, not parasites, but mutualists, because they have a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their hosts.)

    An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits at the host’s expense. (The organisms used in helminthic therapy are, strictly speaking, not parasites, but mutualists, because they have a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their hosts.)

    An intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. Wikipedia:Helminths

    the human hookworm, Necator americanus

    the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura

    the porcine (pig) whipworm, Trichuris suis

    Hymenolepis diminuta, a murine (rat) tapeworm.

    An intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. Wikipedia:Helminths

    a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

    A murine (rat) tapeworm used in helminthic therapy that generally does not mature in humans and is taken as cysticerci (HDC) in a drink every 2 or 3 weeks.

    The species of human hookworm used in helminthic therapy. Its microscopic larvae are applied periodically to the skin.

    Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly the colon and small intestine. The major types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC).

    The specific population of microorganisms living in a certain part of the body, such as the gut. "Microbiome" refers to all the microorganisms living in and on the body, or the genome of these microorganisms. These two terms are often used interchangeably.

    Eosinophils are a specialised type of white blood cell with a variety of both harmful and beneficial functions. Their numbers rise temporarily following inoculation with helminths.

    The reintroduction to the digestive tract of a controlled number of specially domesticated, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) in the form of microscopic eggs or larvae to reconstitute a depleted biome to treat or prevent chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and other immune-related disorders, including allergy.

    The reintroduction to the digestive tract of a controlled number of specially domesticated, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) in the form of microscopic eggs or larvae to reconstitute a depleted biome to treat or prevent chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and other immune-related disorders, including allergy.

    An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits at the host’s expense. (The organisms used in helminthic therapy are, strictly speaking, not parasites, but mutualists, because they have a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their hosts.)

    The introduction of an infectious agent into an organism. Helminth inoculation

    A microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus or fungus.

    A substance capable of eliminating or destroying intestinal worms.

    A substance capable of eliminating or destroying intestinal worms.

    A helminth with a flat, ribbon-like, segmented body. Only the murine (rat) tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, is used in helminthic therapy and this generally does not reach adulthood in humans so requires regular dosing of HDC.

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